267 



Carr, H. Arnold. 1976. 



Culturing and transplanting hatchery-spawned quahogs . Proc. Natl. Shellf. 

 Assn. 65: 1 (abstract). 



Between May and Oct 1973, 5.5 million quahogs, average length 2.0 mm, were 

 suspended in trays (presumably in Buzzards Bay, Mass.) . By Nov mean survival 

 was 52% and mean size of clams delivered in May and June was 6.4 mm. Through 

 the winter of 1973-74, with freezing water temp and ice, survival was 99%. 

 Other hatchery-reared clams 8 to 20 mm long were transplanted to natural 

 bottom. Recovery and survival of shell stock planted at water temp 6°C was 

 greater than at 20°C. (Abstracter's note: it is presumed, although the 

 context is not clear, that the final sentence describes the planting 

 described in the sentence that precedes it.) - J.L.M. 



268 



Carr, H. Arnold. 1978. 



Culture of hatchery- spawned Mereenaria mevoenavia in Massachusetts. Proc. 

 Natl. Shellf. Assn. 68: 76 (abstract). 



In 1976, 12 towns bought hatchery clams between 5 and 14 mm. Growth varied with 

 system design, density of clams, and substrate type. In winter survival was 

 80-90% in rafts and highly variable in pens in intertidal and shallow sub- 

 tidal areas. Success of most transplants into natural, unprotected bottom 

 appeared to be related to number of green crabs seen in the transplant site. 

 Theoretical yields are high, but actual benefit to a town management program 

 remains to be proven. - J.L.M. 



269 



Carr, Margie, Alex Nicholas, and Joseph A. Piscitelli. 1972. 



An investigation of the anti-carcinogenic agent, mercenene . Part 4. The 

 effect of several fractions of nercenene on the growth of Krebs-2 carcinoma. 

 Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 46: 18 (abstract). 



Carcinoma was injected intraperitoneally into the abdominal cavity of mice, 

 allowed to grow for 2 days, then certain mice were subjected each day for 

 2 days to intraperitoneal injection of a specific fraction of mercenene 

 (crude aqueous extract of Mevoenavia mevcenavia) . On days 6 and 7 several 

 mice from experimental and control groups were killed and numbers of cells 

 in peritoneal cavities and volume of peritoneal fluid in each mouse were 

 measured. Different fractions of mercenene (prepared by treatment with 

 ammonium sulphate) varied in their inhibitory action. - J.L.M. 



270 



Carriker, Melbourne R. 1949. 



Preliminary observations of the predation of commercial shellfish by conchs. 

 Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. (1949): 86-92. 



Laboratory studies showed that quahog-like bivalves were most resistant to 

 predation by Busycon carica and B. canaliculatus , yet quahogs were readily 

 opened and consumed. The findings of Colton (1908) were confirmed. The 

 conch mounts the clam and holds it "in the hollow of its foot" so that the 

 bills of the clam lie directly under the outer lip of the conch shell. By 

 slow and strong contraction of the columellar muscle the conch brings the 

 margin of its own shell to bear on the slight depression between the 

 junction of the two quahog valves and presses against the edge of the valve 

 farthest from it. This chips away a portion of the quahog valve. The 

 process is repeated until the opening is large enough for the conch to 

 wedge its shell margin between the clam valves. Periodically the conch 

 examines progress, by feeling with lobe-like projections on the rim of the 

 anterior portion of the foot. Considerable wear on the conch shell takes 

 place during attack, and this apparently is repaired during resting periods 



72 



