experimental salinities in 3 separate trays. When 10% had died one tray of 

 that lot was returned to 21°/°°. When 50% had died the second tray was 

 returned to 21°/°°. After 10% mortality in 10°/°°, 5°/oo,and 0°/°°, 14%, 4%, 

 and 22% died when returned to 27°/°°- After 50% mortality in the same 

 reduced salinities, 71%, 50%, and 40% respectively died when returned to 

 21°/°°. At the end of this experiment 25 clams which had survived 15°/°o 

 for 75 days were held at 12.5°/°° for 49 days without a death. Another 25 

 clams were transferred directly from 27°/°° and held with only 3 deaths for 

 100 days, but survivors did not feed normally. Conditioning juvenile quahogs 

 at intermediate salinities did not allow them to survive at lower minimal 

 salinities. Smaller clams, 1.8 to 3.6 mm long, reacted to low salinities 

 more rapidly than larger sizes. Clams of similar sizes (10 to 21.5 mm) from 

 Narragansett Bay reacted to lower salinities in about the same way as Milford, 

 Conn, clams, but at 10°/°° and lower Narragansett clams did not survive as 

 well. Growth was reduced progressively with reduction in salinity and at 

 15°/oo it was negligible. Apparently juvenile hard clams can survive in 

 salinities slightly lower than those at which they can grow. Temp was not 

 controlled in these experiments, but varied from 15.3 to 21.9°C. Temps were 

 uniform for all clams within an experiment. - J.L.M. 



308 



Chanley, Paul E. 1961. 



Inheritance of shell markings and growth in the hard clam, Venus mevcenavia. 

 Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 50: 163-169. 



Inheritance of Venus mevcenavia (Mevcenavia mevcenavia) notata shell markings 

 was followed through two generations. Offspring from three crosses of 

 unmarked "white" clams were unmarked, while three crosses of white clams with 

 clams having the "notata" marking, produced about half unmarked offspring and 

 about half marked with the reddish-brown zigzag lines, typical of notata 

 subspecies. When two clams with notata shell markings were crossed, about 

 one-fourth of the offspring were unmarked and about half were marked with 

 zigzag lines. The remaining one-fourth were almost solidly reddish-brown, 

 with a light band from the umbo around the lunule, and two other light bands 

 from the umbo to the margin of the shell, dividing it roughly into thirds. 

 This marking is considered typical of clams homozygous for the color factor. 

 The zigzag lines, which are commonly used to identify the notata subspecies, 

 are considered the phenotypic markings of heterozygous clams. Offspring 

 from fast-growing sibling clams were 60% larger, after 15 months, than off- 

 spring from clams randomly selected from wild stock. This suggests that 

 only a few generations would be required to develop fast-growing races of 

 clams. - author's abstract. - D.L. 



309 



Chanley, Paul. 1968. 



Larval development in the Class Bivalvia. In Proc. Symp. Mollusca, Pt. II. 

 Mar. Biol. Assn. India, Mandapam Camp: 475-481. 



Mevcenavia mevaenavia is not mentioned, but the discussion applies in general 

 to that species. - J.L.M. 



310 



Chanley, Paul. 1975. 



Laboratory cultivation of assorted bivalve mollusks. In Culture of Marine 

 Invertebrate Animals. Walter L. Smith and Matoira H. Chanley (edsj . Plenum 

 Press,. New York, p. 297-318. 



This is largely a summary of contributions of many workers, with a bibli- 

 ography. The synopsis is arranged under the following headings: water supply 

 and treatment; collecting and culturing larvae and adults; obtaining 

 reproduction by direct development, incubation of larvae, stripping and 

 spawning, and conditioning; culturing free-living larvae, including care of 

 eggs and larvae; diseases and other problems, including bacterial pathogens, 

 protozoan predators, and fungus diseases; competitors and predators; and 

 setting. Mevaenavia mevaenavia develops gametes in fall in Connecticut and 

 can be spawned in the laboratory from late December into the normal spawning 



85 



