period, which begins in June. On Long Island, in Virginia, and in North 

 Carolina gametogenesis does not begin until spring and laboratory spawning 

 cannot be induced outside the natural season without special conditioning. 

 The author estimates that M. mereenavia will have mature gametes from May 

 through October, northern specimens from January through July. Hard clam is 

 relatively easy to spawn, and will grow on a variety of foods, some non- 

 algal. Papers from which information on M. meroenaria was taken are 

 abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



311 



Chanley, Paul, and J..D. Andrews. 1971. 



Aids for identification of bivalve larvae of Virginia. Malacologia 11(1): 

 45-119. 



Mereenavia mevoenavia is compared with other larvae in a plate that shows 

 stages at about 100, 115, 130, 145, 160, and 175 y. The known spawning period 

 in Va. is May to Oct. The species is abundant in salinities above 15°/° o. 

 Length-height relationship at various sizes is compared with that of other 

 species. Straight-hinge larvae have a total length of 100-155 y and a 

 hinge-line length of 70-80 y. At 140-235 y the umbo is broadly rounded. A 

 key to straight-hinge and umbonate larvae is given. The following description 

 is included: dimensions - total length 100-235 y, height 10-30 y less, usually 

 20-25 y less than length, but frequently only 15 y less near metamorphosis, 

 depth usually 60-65 y less than length, hinge line 70-80 y, metamorphosis 

 from 175 to 235 y, but usually 210-225 y. Shape - broadly rounded umbos 

 developing at about 150 y, anterior end slightly more pointed than posterior, 

 ends of nearly equal length, anterior shoulder longer than posterior. Hinge - 

 one small anterior tooth in each valve, large posterior ligament. Other 

 characters - color not distinctive, conspicuous apical flagellum, no eyespot. 

 Distribution - adults abundant where salinity above 15°/°°, spawning primarily 

 in June and July but continuing until November. Comparison to other species - 

 the long hinge line with resulting late umbo development is usually dis- 

 tinctive, early larvae have proportionately greater height than mytilids, 

 mytilid umbos are not broadly rounded. A useful glossary is included. - J.L.M. 



312 



Chanley, P. E., and R. F. Normandy. 1962. 



Studies of preserved food for larvae of bivalve mollusks. Proc. Natl. Shellf. 

 Assn. 51, August 1960: iii. 



Listed by title only. Name of junior author misspelled, should be Normandin. 



- J.L.M. 



313 



Chanley, Paul, and Robert F. Normandin. 1967. 



Use of artificial foods for larvae of the hard clam, Meraenaria mercenaria 

 (L.). Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 57: 31-37. 



Artificial foods, consisting of nutrient solutions and suspensions of finely 

 ground dried, fresh, and frozen materials in seawater were presented to hard 

 clam larvae. Experimental foods were evaluated by comparing larval growth 

 and survival to that in unfed cultures and in cultures receiving live uni- 

 cellular algae. Nutrient solutions were unsatisfactory foods. Some dried 

 foods were satisfactory though larvae receiving them tended to metamorphose 

 at larger sizes than larvae receiving live unicellular algae. Finely ground 

 fresh or frozen preparations, especially sea lettuce. Viva lactuca, were the 

 most satisfactory artificial foods. Clams were reared through pelagic stages 

 to a maximum length of 450 microns on this diet without excessive mortality, 

 but a major disadvantage of all particulate artificial foods was the clumping 

 of food particles and a resulting accumulation of detritus in older cultures. 



- D.L. 



86 



