chowders, cherrystones, and littlenecks. Since about 1940 clams were shipped 

 as frozen, shucked clams for chowder. Some smaller clams were shipped to the 

 midwest in the shell. Recently, increased quantities had been shipped in 

 mixed sizes, in the shell, to Va. , Md., and farther north. Up to the early 

 1950s there had been no attempts at cultivation in N.C. A few dealers were 

 holding clams on leased ground for favorable markets. Potential for growth 

 of the industry appeared good. - J.L.M. 



340 



Chestnut, A. F., and H. S. Davis. 1975. 



Synopsis of marine fisheries of North Carolina. Part I: Statistical 

 information, 1880-1973. Univ. N.C. Sea Grant Program, UNC-5G-75-12 : 425- 



Landings and landed value of Mereenaria mereenaria are given for each year 

 since 1880 that data are available. Tables include, inter alia, year of 

 record catch, year of lowest catch, year of record value, landings by months 

 for some years, numbers of persons in the industry, numbers of vessels and 

 boats, numbers of units of gear, catches by gear, catch by counties and by 

 district. - J.L.M. 



341 



Chestnut, A. F., W. E. Fahy, and H. J. Porter. 1957. 



Growth of young Venus mereenaria, Venus eampeehiensis, and their hybrids. 

 Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 47: 50-56. 



Hybrids of Mereenaria mereenaria and M. campechiensis grew more rapidly than 

 the northern species in N.C. waters. The southern species did not survive 

 N.C. winter, which suggests lack of resistance to cold. Native M. 

 eampeahiensis grow in the intertidal zone in N.C, but southern quahogs 

 used in this study were progeny of Fla. clams. The growing period in N.C. 

 for M. mereenaria was much longer than the growth period reported by 

 Gustafson (1954) in Maine (abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography) . - J.L.M. 



342 



Chiba, Kenji, and Yasuo Oshima. 1957. 



Effect of suspending particles on the pumping and feeding of marine bivalves, 

 especially of Japanese neck-clam. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 23(7&8): 

 348-353. 



Mereenaria meretrix was studied, among 3 other bivalves. The paper is in 

 Japanese, but it has an English abstract and data in tables are in English. 

 Suspensions of bentonite, talc, shale, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, charcoal 

 powder, soluble starch, and 2 phytoplankton species were used. Rate of 

 pumping was reduced by high concentrations of bentonite. In M. meretrix 

 lusoria, amount of feeding increased with growing concentration of particles 

 up to the time of discharge of pseudofeces, and pseudofeces increased 

 further, but true feces did not increase in higher concentrations. - J.L.M. 



343 



Chipman, Walter A. 1959. 



The use of radioisotopes in studies of the foods and feeding activities of 

 marine animals. Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli, Vol. XXXI Suppl .: 154-175. 



344 



Venus mereenaria is mentioned, but details are not given. - J.L.M. 



Chipman, Walter A. 1960. 



Accumulation of radioactive pollutants by marine organisms and its relation 

 to fisheries. In Trans. 2nd Seminar on Biological Problems in Water 

 Pollution, 20-24 Apr 1959. C. M. Tarzwell (edj . U.S. Dept. HEW, Pub. 

 Health Serv., Robt. A. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center, Cincinnati, p. 8-14. 



Mereenaria mereenaria is not mentioned except in tables 1 and 2, which list 



% 



