for manipulation to improve yields appear to be available. Research should 

 include: 1) demand and cost of commercially harvested clams; 2) effectiveness 

 and cost of alternative measures of augmenting resource stocks; and 3) a 

 socioeconomic profile of commercial and recreational users. This could be 

 integrated with existing knowledge to manage the shellf isheries for improved 

 and equitable yields. - J.L.M. 



378 



Conrad, Jon M. 1979. 



Plenary session hard-shell clams. In Proc . Northeast Clam Industries: 

 Management for the Future. Ext. Sea Grant Advisory Program, U. Mass., and 

 MIT Sea Grant Program, SP-112: 147-148. 



The resource is primarily located in the Cape Cod area of Mass., Narragansett 

 Bay area of R.I., and bays and coastal waters of Long Island, N.Y. It is 

 essentially an open access fishery in Mass., managed by the Towns. In R.I. 

 the state plays a larger role in management. On Long Island it is also Town 

 management, but part of the resource is harvested through grants and leases. 

 Additional research is needed on mortality at various stages of development. 

 Genetic research for selecting disease-resistant stock could have payoffs. 

 Predator control also is important. Economists might be helpful to assist 

 in "costing-out" alternative values. Conclusions boiled down to: 1) a need 

 to develop more flexible management for mixed open access/private leasing; 

 2) research is needed on a) mortality by stages of development, b) possibility 

 of selective breeding, and c) predator control techniques; and 3) management 

 to increase productivity should allow for broader social objectives such as 

 seasonal employment and recreation. - J.L.M. 



379 



Cook, Ann K. 19 75. 



Delaware Sea Grant looks to the future. NOAA Magazine 5(2) : 36-41. 



Describes in popular terms the objectives and methods of operation of the 

 University of Delaware recirculating seawater system for culture of bivalves, 

 at Lewes, Del. - J.L.M. 



380 



Cook, Dick. 1978. 



Culturing the clam - A Virginia innovation. VIMS Mar. Resour. Bull. 

 10(4) : 1-2, 5-6. 



Traces the history of Meroenaria meraenavia culture in Virginia. Seed clams 

 are bred from parents with fast growth to 2 mm in the laboratory. This takes 

 6 to 8 weeks. Seeds are planted on prepared beds of aggregate 1 1/2 to 2 

 inches deep. Wire baffles are installed to decrease current force, and a 

 fence is added later to exclude predators. Seed clams are planted at 

 31,000/m 2 (250/ft 2 ) and planting is complete by early Oct. Normally, hard 

 clams take 3 yrs to reach littleneck size, but these fast-growing progeny 

 take 20 to 22 months. Harvesting takes place at 16 to 18 months, when about 

 20% are legal size. The rest are harvested in 22 to 24 months. At that 

 stage the price is at least 6C each. The laboratory at Wachapreague has 

 trained people from most coastal states. The clam culture course costs 

 $35/person. Salinity must average 20°/°° for successful culture. Risks 

 are storms, ice, damage by boats, predators, and poachers. - J.L.M. 



381 



Cook, Dick. 1979. 



Clam culture, Virginia style. Sea Grant '70s 9(1): 7-8. 



In the second phase of the hard clam culture program at Wachapreague the 

 staff is teaching classes in clam culture and publishing a manual of 

 hatchery operations. Now that the "bugs" are worked out, clam survival 

 has reached 86-92%. The system raises clams from fast-growing parents 

 to 2 mm size in the laboratory then planted in the natural environment on 



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