prepared aggregate beds of crushed stone or gravel. The beds are 

 surrounded by baffles to cut down current force and allow the young clams 

 to burrow. Later a plastic mesh fence is added to minimize predation by 

 rays. Seed clams are planted at 3,100/m 2 and planting is finished by 

 October. Clams from selected parents reach marketable size in 20-22 

 months. When clams are between 16 and 18 months old baffles are removed 

 and about 20% are taken, the rest are harvested at 22 to 24 months. 

 Salinity must average 20 parts per 1000. - J.L.M. 



382 



Cook, R. A. 1975. 



Rules and regulations by which we work. In Proceedings of a Workshop on 

 the Shellfish Management Program in New York State. N.Y.S. Dept. Envir. 

 Conserv. and N.Y. Sea Grant Inst., Albany, p. 32-33. 



The Department operates under statutory authority of the Environmental 

 Conservation Law (ECL) and portions of the Public Health and Agriculture 

 and Market Laws. This authority is extended by Rules and Regulations 

 issued by the Department. Portions of the ECL that apply directly to the 

 shellfish industry include issuing diggers and shippers permits, control 

 of harvest areas, shellfish sanitation, maintenance of sanitary conditions, 

 and enforcement of operating standards. The Department also is responsible 

 for enforcement of the Tidal Wetlands Act of 1973 and its moratorium on 

 wetland alterations. At the time of writing action was pending on hard 

 clam marketing standards which specified grades of clams in the shell that 

 can be sold by buyers. Grades were: "necks" - 1 inch in thickness or larger, 

 but less than 1 7/16 inches thick; "cherries" - 1 7/16 inches in thickness 

 or larger but less than 1 5/8 inches thick; and "chowders" - 1 5/8 inches 

 thick or larger. Clams, under these standards, should be in a container 

 labelled to show the grade as above, weight of contents, minimum number of 

 clams, and name, address, and zip code of seller. The Department was opposed 

 to federal legislation and rules and regulations promulgated re standards 

 for chlorinator-macerator devices for marine toilets, believing that 

 chlorinated and macerated wastes could have adverse effects on shellfish 

 quality. The preferred method was holding tanks (for disposal of contents 

 in approved fashion on shore). - J.L.M. 



383 



Cooper, R. A., S. B. Chenoweth, and N. Marshall. 1964. 



Condition of the quahog, Mereenaria mercenaria, from polluted and unpolluted 

 waters. Chesapeake Science 5(4): 155-160. 



Hard clams were sampled from three general areas in Point Judith Pond, 

 Rhode Island. Area A is in polluted waters. Area B is near A but is open 

 to harvesting. Area C is open to harvesting and away from pollution 

 influences. Condition of clams was compared using meat volume-shell length 

 regressions and by comparing condition (K) by the formula, K=meat_volume/shell 

 length 11 . Comparisons_of K indicate that clams from A had higher K than area 

 B which had a higher K than area C. Meat volume-shell length regressions 

 showed that area B clams had slightly higher meat volumes than area A, which 

 had significantly higher meat volumes than clams from area C. It was 

 suggested that sampling variation of the slope n in the formula for K was 

 responsible for differences in results of the two methods for comparison of 

 conditions. It was concluded that differences between the 3 areas were not 

 great. - D.L. 



384 



Cornell, Chris. 1978. 



Making aquaculture pay: Tucked in the cellar of an old mill. Sea Plantations 

 Inc. has found a way. Natl. Fisherman, Yearbook Issue 1978, 58(13): 124-127. 



Describes operations of Sea Plantations Inc. of Salem, Mass. which are said 

 to be operating at a profit in less than a year after incorporation. 

 Purified seawater and temperature control are key requirements. Methods 



106 



