407 



Culliney, John L. 1972. 



Cinemicrographic studies of crawling behavior in larval and juvenile bivalves. 

 Am. Malacol. Un. Bull, for 1971: 29. 



Several New England bivalves were studied, but not Meraenaria meraenaria. 



- J.L.M. 



408 



Culliney, J. L., P. J. Boyle, and R. D. Turner. 1975. 



New approaches and techniques for studying bivalve larvae. In Culture of 

 Marine Invertebrate Animals, Plenum Pub. Co., New York. W. L. Smith and 

 M. H. Chanley (edsj , p. 257-271. 



Papers by Loosanoff and Davis in the 1950s and 1960s are described as classic 

 works. Their comprehensive report (1963) on culture techniques was still the 

 most important single work in the field, and should be consulted by anyone 

 planning to work with bivalve larvae, as also should Walne (1964) and other 

 papers abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography by Chanley and others. This 

 paper adds refinements to basic culture techniques and calls attention to 

 some problems under the headings: spawning and fertilization, maintaining 

 swimming stages, feeding, effects of temperature, other factors such as 

 salinity and pH affecting development, data acquisition and recording, and 

 preservation of a reference collection. - J.L.M. 



409 



Cumming, Hugh S. 1917. 



Investigation of the pollution of certain tidal waters of New Jersey, New 

 York, and Delaware, with special reference to bathing beaches and shellfish 

 bearing areas. U.S. Pub. Health Serv. , Pub. Health Bull. 86, 150 p. 



Although this report deals primarily with American oyster, clams are 

 mentioned several times, and sometimes hard clam specifically. Conclusion 

 was that most shellfish growing areas were free, or relatively free, of 

 pollution, but that some were grossly polluted. The practice of moving 

 oysters to creeks to "float" them before marketing increased the danger 

 to consumers and it may have been that this practice was followed with 

 clams. Where coliform counts were made on clam meats (presumably hard 

 clam) they were lower than in oysters from the same waters: for example, 

 in the Shrewsbury River, N.J. oyster scores were 2 3 and 14 colonies/cc, on 

 agar at 37°C and 48 hrs incubation. Water at this location showed 100% 

 E. ooli in 10 cc, 75% in 1 cc, and 25% in 0.1 cc. At Red Bank, N.J. it 

 was concluded that clams were safe in winter if the sewage disposal plant 

 was working, but in summer the increase in human population was sufficient 

 to ban raw consumption of shellfish. No part of Raritan Bay was entirely 

 unpolluted. Along the N.J. coast, areas varied in water quality depending 

 on population, local conditions, and summer influx of visitors. In some 

 areas clams were well within safe limits, in others not safe, especially 

 in summer. For example, in vicinity of Atlantic City hard clams were 

 prolific, shellfishing was prohibited in certain areas, but many were 

 taken for bait or for personal consumption in summer. In 1903, 3.8 million 

 clams were consumed in Atlantic City and 5.2 million shipped out. For the 

 N.J. coast as a whole, the oyster industry was declining and of little 

 importance. The clam industry was important and the harvest was almost 

 entirely in summer, when contamination was most likely. Publicity was 

 needed to alert summer visitors to the dangers. An outbreak of typhoid at 

 Atlantic City in 1902 was attributed to consumption of oysters and clams 

 from the mouth of Penrose Canal. Protection against pollution was considered 

 most important, not only for shellfish industry but also for tourist trade. 

 Shellfish areas in Delaware Bay were considered safe, but some tributaries 

 were grossly polluted. The shellfish industry in Delaware Bay was dominated 

 by oyster. Appendices include detailed results of tests of water and 

 shellfish quality, records of typhoid cases in certain areas, and a report 

 on a typhoid outbreak in Ocean City, N.J. in which raw clams were suspected 

 as the cause. This is a comprehensive report, which should be consulted for 

 further details. - J.L.M. 



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