410 



Cumming, Hugh S., W. C. Purdy, and Homer C. Ritter. 1916. 



Investigation of the pollution and sanitary conditions of the Potomac 

 watershed, with special reference to self purification and sanitary condition 

 of shellfish in the lower Potomac River. Treasury Dept. , U.S. Pub. Health 

 Serv. , Hygienic Lab., Bull. 104, 239 p., 53 figs. 



(Cumming was the principal author. Purdy did Plankton Studies: 130-191; 

 Ritter did Hydrographic Data: 205-216 plus 6 charts.) 



The study was concerned with sanitary conditions on oyster beds in the lower 

 part of the estuary. Meraenaria (Venus) meraenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



411 



Cummins, J. M., J. E. Higgins, and E. A. Robertson, Jr. 1967. 



Occurrence of ciguatera-like biotoxin(s) in shellfish from the Gulf of 

 Mexico. U.S. Pub. Health Serv., Gulf Coast Shellf. Sanit. Research Center, 

 Dauphin Is., Ala. Tech. Rept. 67-7, 22 p. 



412 



Cummins, Joseph M., Abner C. Jones, and Alan A. Stevens. 1971. 



Occurrence of toxic bivalve molluscs during a Gymnodinium breve "red tide". 

 Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 100(1): 112-116. 



On the first day of sampling, when red tide condition was most severe, 

 Meraenaria eampeehiensis from Venice Inlet on the west coast of Fla. contained 

 270 mouse units of toxin/100 g of meats. On the 3rd day hard clams still 

 contained more than 100 mouse units/100 g. - J.L.M. 



413 



Cummins, Robert Jr. 1966. 



Hard-clam explorations off southeastern United States. Comm. Fish. Rev. 

 28(12): 33-42. 



Meraenaria meraenaria or M. eampeehiensis or both occur in waters of every 

 state from Me. to Fla. and into the Gulf of Mexico. Most production is in 

 southern New England and Middle Atlantic states. Little or no commercial 

 production has been reported from the Fla. east coast, Ga. , S.C., Pa., or 

 N.H. Harvesting has been intermittent on the Fla. west coast and in 

 southern Me. Total production from 1949 to 1964 inclusive ranged from about 

 13.3 to 21.0 thousand lbs of meats. Since 1948 little change in gears, 

 marketing, or processing has taken place. General refinements have come 

 about in sanitation, pollution abatement, culture of seed, and production of 

 canned products like chowder. Prior to 1959 little was known about abundance 

 and availability of hard clams in water deeper than 2 or 3 fathoms in the 

 ocean south of Middle Atlantic States. On 7 cruises from Nov 19 59 to Mar 

 1961, Silver Bay dredged at 271 stations from north of Cape Hatteras to 

 south of Cape Kennedy. Depths were mostly from 4 to 8 fath. Gear was a 

 modified Fall River dredge. Catch was southern hard clam, M. eampeehiensis . 

 In taste and texture meats are similar to the northern species. Small 

 numbers of ocean quahog, Aretiea islandiea , were taken. Commercial 

 quantities of hard clam were found in Onslow Bay, N.C., which led to 

 development of a small winter fishery by converted shrimp vessels. Average 

 production was estimated at 4 4 to 55 bu/day which gave a gross return per 

 boat day of about $100 to $12 5. No other commercial concentration of hard 

 clam was found, but it is possible that they might exist in shallower water, 

 where Silver Bay could not operate. - J.L.M. 



414 



Cummins, Robert, Jr., Joaquim B. Rivers, and Paul J. Struhsaker. 1962. 



Exploratory fishing off the coast of North Carolina, September 1959-July 

 1960. Comm. Fish. Rev. 24(1): 1-9. 



The area covered was the continental shelf out to 100 fathoms from Cape 

 Hatteras south. Several gears, including a 14-tooth Fall River clam 



114 



