564 



Farrington, John W., and James G. Quinn. 1971. 



Studies on the fatty acids and hydrocarbons in recent sediments and benthic 

 animals from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. In Abstract Volume, Second 

 National Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conference, sponsored by 

 Geography Programs, Office of Naval Research, University Press, Univ. of 

 Southern Calif: 67. 



Mereenaria meroenavia and sediment samples show a gradient of hydrocarbon 

 distribution which might reflect chronic oil pollution for the benthos of 

 the stations sampled. - J.L.M. 



565 



Farrington, John W., and James G. Quinn. 1973. 



Petroleum hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay. I. Survey of hydrocarbons in 

 sediments and clams (Mereenaria mereenaria) Estuar. Coast Mar. Sci. 1(1): 

 71-79. 



Surface sediments from 8 stations and hard clams from 3 stations in 

 Narragansett Bay contain a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons not present 

 in clams in relatively unpolluted Charlestown Pond nearby. This complex 

 mixture is present in crude and fuel oils, and is not a likely product of 

 recent biosynthesis by marine organisms. Sewage effluents and small oil 

 spills are the most probable sources of the petroleum hydrocarbons. 

 Residues in clams decrease from upper to lower estuary. Major oil spills 

 had not been recorded in the area during the past 2 yrs . It is recommended 

 that efforts to reduce constant dribbling of oil into the marine environment 

 should accompany efforts to prevent occurrence of large accidental oil 

 spills. - J.L.M. 



566 



Feder, Howard M. 1955. 



On the methods used by the starfish Pisaster ochraceus in opening three 

 types of bivalve mollusks. Ecology 36(4): 764-767. 



Work of Reese (1942) on Venus is mentioned. No original data on hard 

 clam. - J.L.M. 



567 



Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1967. 



Proceedings of the Conference on the Pollution of Raritan Bay and Adjacent 

 Interstate Waters. U.S. Dept. Interior, Washington, D.C., 3 vol., 1382 p. 



Vol. 1 contains information about MPN total coliform, MPN fecal coliform, and 

 presence of Salmonella in shellfish samples, but shellfish species are not 

 named. Vol. 2 has papers on shellfish resources of Raritan Bay, by Robert 

 Campbell; fish and wildlife resources, by Jacobson and Gharrett; chemical 

 analyses of shellfishes by the Chemistry Section of the Northeast Research 

 Center of the U.S. Public Health Service of H.E.W., Narragansett, R.I. 

 Identified as appendices A, B, and G of the Report, these are abstracted 

 elsewhere in this bibliography. Vol. 3 contains a statement by David H. 

 Wallace on fish and shellfish resources, also abstracted elsewhere in this 

 bibliography, . and a copy of the Manual of Operations, National Shellfish 

 Sanitation Program, Parts I, II, and III. - J.L.M. 



568 



Feingold, Alan O. 19 73. 



Hepatitis from eating steamed clams. J. Am. Med. Assn. 225(5): 526-527. 



Steamed, as well as raw clams, may transmit the hepatitis virus. A 21- year- 

 old male student and three other friends spent a weekend in early May on the 

 Rhode Island shore. They dug clams. He ate them steamed and fried. His 

 companions ate them raw as well. About 5 weeks later abdominal epigastric 



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