It is suggested that legal-sized clams declined in availability through the 

 season because commercial harvesting was intensive in areas popular with 

 recreational clammers. It was estimated that 31,4 34 clamming trips were 

 conducted, with an average of 14.4 trips/season/individual. About 2 ,.183 

 individuals were estimated to have done recreational clamming in Great South 

 Bay in 1977. - J.L.M. 



605 



Fraenkel, G. 1954. 



The distribution of vitamin Brr, (carnitine) throughout the animal kingdom. 

 Archives Biochem. Biophys. 50(2) : 486-495. 



The most impressive outcome of this study was the very wide distribution of 

 carnitine throughout the animal kingdom. The assumption that carnitine was 

 of special importance in muscle metabolism was the underlying idea of several 

 tests. In spite of the difference in function of the two muscles, smooth and 

 striated, carnitine content was exactly the same in both muscles of Mercenaria 

 mercenaria. - J.L.M. 



606 



Francis, Joe D., and Lawrence Busch. 1973. 



Sea-related industries in New York State: Industry and manpower projections. 

 A report to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dept. 

 Rural Sociol., N.Y. State Coll. Agric. Life Sci., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, 

 xi+188 p. 



Information on the hard clam industry was obtained from published statistics. 

 Hard clam landings had increased from a low of 2.5 million pounds in 1954 to 

 nearly 8 million in 1970, and this was the major cause of the upward trend 

 in landings of all shellfish species. Pollution and overfishing were 

 identified as threats to the industry. Since 1950, per capita consumption 

 of clams and some other seafoods in the United States has been increasing. 

 In 1971 the State of New York had about 400,000 acres of bottom suitable for 

 shellfish culture, 13% of which was closed to harvesting and marketing of 

 shellfishes. - J.L.M. 



607 



Franz, David R., and Gordon L. Hendler. 1971. 



Benthic ecology of a shallow bay: Macrobenthos . In 2nd Natl. Coastal and 

 Shallow Water Research Conf . , Abstract Vol. Univ. S. Calif. Press: 78 

 (abstract) . 



Mentions studies begun in 1968 in Beebe Cove, near the mouth of the Mystic 

 River, Conn. Mercenaria mercenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



608 



Fredericq, Henri. 1947. 



Les nerfs cardio-regulateurs et la theorie des mediateurs chimiques. Biol. 

 Rev. 22(4): 297-314. 



Favorable and unfavorable arguments are summarized relative to the hypothesis 

 that action of cardio-regulatory nerves of invertebrates is mediated 

 chemically. Only findings relating to Venus are given here. In several 

 mollusks atropine and acetylcholine (ACh) are synergistic and non- 

 antagonistic. Atropine does not inactivate cardio-inhibitory nerves of 

 Venus . Hearts of almost all invertebrates are sensitive to ACh, which 

 inhibits molluscan hearts but accelerates hearts of crustaceans and some 

 other species. Cholinesterase is constantly present in cardiac tissues of 

 numerous mollusks. In all invertebrates, cardiac action of ACh is enhanced 

 by eserine, which also stimulates cardio-regulatory nerves of Venus 

 mercenaria. It was concluded that cardio-inhibitory nerves of V. mercenaria. 

 probably are cholinergic. - J.L.M. 



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