important for success. Salinity should be in excess of 25°/oo. Substrate 

 should be a sand-mud mixture and free of continual wave action. Water 

 should be relatively shallow, and tidal currents are necessary to provide 

 food and remove metabolic wastes. Under suitable conditions clams will 

 grow about 1.5 mm/month. Half -shell size will be reached in about 2 yrs. 

 Growth rate could possibly be improved by fertilizing beds to improve food 

 production. Artificial food could also be used to improve growth. Clams 

 have no known diseases. Principal predators are crabs. To reduce 

 predation beds usually are protected by pens or cages. This costs about 

 $l,200/acre. Clam farming is expensive but offers potential for high 

 return. At stocking density of 500 clams/m 2 about 5x10 clams/ha can be 

 produced in 2 yrs. At a wholesale price of 3C/clam, gross income/ha would 

 be $150,000, about $40,400/acre in 2 yrs. Table 33 clarifies the basis of 

 projections of production of farm-raised clams. Figures are in millions 

 of pounds. Projected total demand for clams in the U.S. went from 79.3x10° 

 lbs in 1973 to 95.6x10^ in 1982. In discussing prices and uses of clams, 

 no distinction is made between high-priced littleneck quahogs and low-priced 

 surf clam. (Abstracter's note: this leads to total confusion. In 

 discussing feeds for mollusks no distinction is made between differences in 

 food requirements between oyster and hard clam. If the quality of the entire 

 report were to be judged on the basis of the sections dealing with mollusks, 

 it would receive low mark's. Material on clams is very superficial and 

 demonstrates a lack of first-hand experience with the clam industries of the 

 U.S., developments in clam mariculture, and the literature. No literature 

 citations are given, and no list of references is included. The report 

 contains many errors of interpretation, and several contradictions. This 

 illustrates once again the frequently poor quality of work done by 

 professional contractors and the futility of spending money on such 

 projects.) - J.L.M. 



617 



Fujita, Tsuneo, and David E. Mann, Jr. 1958. 



Further studies on Z-arterenol tachyphylaxis in the isolated Venus mereenaria 

 heart. J. Am. Pharmaceut. Assn. 47(2): 90-93. 



A tachyphylactic response to a pharmacological agent is a diminished response 

 to successive doses of the same agent within a limited time. This paper 

 confirmed initial observations of Pless and Mann (unpublished) by showing 

 that the response to Z-arterenol was progressively altered by pretreatment 

 with increasing concentrations of ephedrine sulphate, and sufficiently high 

 concentrations completely blocked the typical Z-arterenol response. Fresh 

 heart was generally refractory to either 1 x 10~5 or 2 x 10~5 concentrations 

 of Z-arterenol when suspended in fluid in which tachyphylaxis had previously 

 been demonstrated. Great variations in response to repeated administrations 

 of Z.-arterenol were observed. - J.L.M. 



618 



Furfari, Santo A. 1966. 



Depuration plant design. U.S. Dept. H.E.W., Pub. Health Serv. , Natl. Shellf. 

 Sanit. Progr. , Washington, D.C., vi+119 p. 



The body of this report contains no significant reference to hard clam but 

 the appendices do, mostly as figures or tables. Apparently all this 

 information has been obtained from the literature. Since these papers have 

 been summarized under their own titles in this bibliography, it does not 

 seem necessary to repeat the information here. - J.L.M. 



172 



