for one experiment in an intertidal zone, in which mortality was 48 to 60%. 

 Average monthly growth was about 3 mm or slightly more except in the 

 intertidal zone, where it was about 1.9 mm/month. Greatest growth was 

 observed in samples low on tidal flats with firm sand and mud bottom. In 

 protected areas of proper salinity and bottom type clams could be grown to 

 market size in one year at very high densities (75 clams/ft 2 ). Salinity 

 should be at least 25°/°° and protection should be provided against 

 predators. - J.L.M. 



581 



Godwin, Walter F. 1968. 



The distribution and density of the hard-clam, Meraenaria mevoenaria , on the 

 Georgia coast. Ga. Game Fish Comm. , Mar. Fish. Div. , Brunswick, Contr. 

 Ser. 10, 30 p. 



The fishery in Georgia extended from about 1880 to 1932, mostly as incidental 

 catch in the oyster industry. Potential for reestablishment of the fishery 

 was investigated from July 1966 to June 1968 because reduction of catches in 

 some northern states had opened markets. Most sampling was done with 

 modified oyster dredges and basket rakes. Of 4 32 areas sampled, clams were 

 found in only 41, less than 10%. Certain bottom types were clearly preferred. 

 Most clams were found in firm sand and mud mixtures, or mixtures of sand, mud, 

 and shell. Protection from wave action also appeared to be important. Clams 

 were not found in salinities under 18°/oo, and density increased with 

 increasing salinity to a maximum at 27 to 29°/<>o. Greatest abundance was at 

 salinities from 27 to 32°/°°. i n areas with clams, density ranged from one 

 to 193 clams/100 ft 2 . Most populations were in the intertidal zone. Little 

 commercial potential was noted. Clams were restricted to small areas. 

 Recreational clamming was possible. - J.L.M. 



682 



Goggins, P. L. 1961. 



Paralytic shellfish poison. In Proc. Shellf. Sanit. Workshop. U.S. Pub. 

 Health Serv., Washington, D. C: 252-265. 



683 



Goldberg, Edward D. (Chm.) . 1980. 



The International Mussel Watch. Report of a workshop sponsored by the 

 Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National 

 Research Council. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., xvi + 

 248 p. 



This report contains few references to Meroenaria mevoenar-ia. On page 55 

 are two figures illustrating ultraviolet fluorescence spectra of a 2- and 

 3-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fraction isolated from Meraenaria mercenavia 

 and clams "spiked" with No. 2 fuel oil (from Farrington and others 1976) . 

 On page 107 Romeril (in press) is cited as measuring loss of elements from 

 M. mevcenaria held several days in the laboratory. A drop in zinc and 

 copper concentrations of 9 and 12 percent respectively through the first 

 35 hrs after field collection was noted. Subsequent to this decrease 

 concentrations were constant, confirming the relatively long half-life of 

 these elements in this species. On page 178 it is said that only gross 

 sites of toxic action have been found. In M. mercenavia metabolic altera- 

 tions have been found indicative of increased glucose use and decreased 

 gluconeogenesis (Roberts 1976) . On page 216 it says that quahogs are 

 opened by cutting the ligament and wrenching the shell apart to tear the 

 muscle. With a quahog knife the animal is shucked free of both valves and 

 dropped into fixative. Care should be taken to prevent tearing the mantle. 

 - J.L.M. 



191 



