692 



Grady, George F. , Thomas C. Chalmers, and the Boston Inter-Hospital Liver 

 Group. 1965. 



Viral hepatitis in a group of Boston hospitals. I. A retrospective study of 

 1675 patients. New England J. Med. 272(13): 657-661. 



Records of patients thought to have contracted viral hepatitis from 1951 

 through 1962 were reviewed at 9 Boston hospitals. Among the 30% who had a 

 confirmatory epidemiologic history, mortality was confined to those thought 

 to have acquired hepatitis from transfusions. One in 8 died, but most 

 deaths were among older patients or those who also had cancer. By contrast 

 only one of more than 200 patients with naturally acquired infectious 

 hepatitis died, and that patient also had another infection. The type of 

 epidemiologic history, or lack of it, appeared to be correlated with the 

 subsequent course of hepatitis among hospitalized patients, i.e., there was 

 some indication that youth and better health were conducive to less severe 

 effects. Sources of naturally acquired infections were not identified. 

 Therefore Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria and other shellfish species are not 

 mentioned. - M.W.S. and J.L.M. 



693 



Grady, George F., Thomas C. Chalmers, and the Boston Inter-Hospital Liver 

 Group. 1965. 



Viral hepatitis in a group of Boston hospitals. II. A prospective controlled 

 epidemiologic study. New England J. Med. 272(13): 662-666. 



Records of 1,675 patients with hepatitis hospitalized in Boston from 1951 

 through 1962 showed that 2/3 had acquired the disease without exposure to 

 conventionally recognized sources such as transfusions or jaundiced persons. 

 It was suggested that many may have contracted hepatitis from obscure 

 potential sources such as ingestion of raw shellfish. Each patient was 

 interviewed. One hundred adults with hepatitis and 100 appropriately 

 matched controls were studied. The 75 patients in which hepatitis was 

 unrelated to transfusions had eaten raw clams to a significantly greater 

 degree than controls. The species of clam was not identified. It was most 

 likely Mercenaria mercenaria or Mya arenaria , but because quahogs are most 

 likely to have been eaten raw, M. mercenaria was the most likely source of 

 infection. Clams had been eaten in restaurants or had been gathered 

 personally, usually from polluted waters. No restaurant was involved 

 disproportionately. - J.L.M. 



694 



Graham, Herbert. W. 1968. 



Trends in the marine fisheries of the continental shelf of the eastern 

 United States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 97(1) : 77-82. 



The clam fishery is an interesting case of substitution of species. Soft 

 shell and quahaug fisheries in New England have declined slowly from water 

 pollution and habitat destruction. The loss has been more than compensated 

 for by development of the surf clam fishery in the middle Atlantic states. 

 Since 1954 total clam production in the eastern United States has been 

 rising sharply. The increase can be expected to continue because known 

 reserves are not fully exploited. History of clam landings since 1930 is 

 illustrated for the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico, but not by species. 

 - J.L.M. 



695 



Graham, R. A., and C. P. Mangum. 1969. 



Further studies of the feeding response in the onuphid polychaete Diopatra 

 ouprea. Va. J. Sci. 20(1): 111 (Abstract). 



D. ouprea continually tests the medium for presence of food stimuli by 

 drawing large quantities of water into its tube. When stimuli reach a 

 threshold, the worm gives a feeding response that causes ingestion. A 

 diffuse jet of clam juice directed toward the anterior opening of the tube 



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