742 



Hammack, Gloria M., and staff. 1971. 



Bibliography of Aquaculture. Coastal Plains Center for Marine Development 

 Services, Wilmington, N.C., Pub. 71-4, vii+245 p. 



Contains 787 references, each with an abstract, on fishes, crustaceans, and 

 mollusks. Included are a title and an author index. References to hard clam 

 are in papers abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



743 



Hammen, Carl S. 1964. 



Carbon dioxide fixation in marine invertebrates: A review. In Symposium on 

 Experimental Marine Ecology. Nelson Marshall, H. Perry Jeffries, Theodore A. 

 Napora, and John McN. Sieburth (eds.) Grad. School Oceanogr., Univ. R.I., 

 Narragansett Mar. Lab., Occ. Pub. 2: 48-50. 



CC>2 should be regarded not simply as an end-product of metabolism, but as an 

 essential compound in metabolic reactions of higher and lower forms. Among 

 many other invertebrates, Meraenaria meraenaria assimilates C-L4 from labelled 

 bicarbonate in seawater and incorporates it into acids of the citric acid 

 cycle. Experiments with 5 g mantle tissue of M. meraenaria showed that the 

 species incorporated 74% of radioactivity at origin in succinic acid and 

 lesser percentages in fumaric, malic, citric, isocitric, and a-ketoglutaric 

 acids. - J.L.M. 



744 



Hammen, C. S. 1968. 



Aminotransferase activities and amino acid excretion of bivalve mollusks and 

 brachiopods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26(2): 697-705. 



Total aminotransferase (AT) activities and rates of amino acid loss were 

 directly proportional, and inversely proportional to the logarithm of total 

 body weight. Lowest activity of aspartate AT among 8 species was found in 

 Meraenaria meraenaria. Hard clam was also lowest in alanine AT. Ammonia 

 made up about 67% and amino acids about 2 9% of identified products. It was 

 concluded that bivalve mollusks have cell membranes permeable in both 

 directions to many small molecules, promoting ease of uptake or loss for 

 excretion, osmotic adjustment, or nutrition. This relatively free 

 permeability is coupled with an amino acid metabolism capable of continuous 

 replacement of useful compounds lost to the medium. - J.L.M. 



745 



Hammen, C. S. 1969. 



Lactate and succinate oxidoreductases in marine invertebrates. Mar. Biol. 

 4(3): 233-238. 



Nineteen species (Porifera to Arthropoda) of marine invertebrate and one fish 

 were studied to determine ability of tissue extracts to catalyze lactate and 

 succinate dehydrogenase reactions in both directions. The ratio pyruvate- 

 reductase/lactate-dehydrogenase (PR/LD) , indicating the probability of lactic 

 acid production, was 1,968 in flounder muscle, much lower in all invertebrates. 

 Extremes of the ratio f umarate-reductase/succinate-dehydrogenase (FR/SD) , 

 indicating the probability of succinic acid production, were 0.24 in 

 Meraenaria meraenaria and 7.6 in American oyster. PR/LD appears to be related 

 to the capacity for vigorous muscular activity, which sustains rapid movement 

 of larger animals. FR/SD appears to be related to tolerance of temporary 

 anaerobiosis. Oxidoreductase activities in tissues of hard clam were: mantle 

 PR 0.413, LD 0.060, PR/LD 6.85, FR 0.019, SD 0.082, and FR/SD 0.23 (values 

 expressed in y moles/min/g tissue); muscle PR 1.350, LD 0.192, PR/LD 7.03, 

 FR 0.019, SD 0.080, and FR/SD 0.24; heart PR 1.698, LD 0.263, PR/LD 6.45, 

 FR 0.019, SD 0.080, and FR/SD 0.24. - J.L.M. 



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