786 



Hart, James C. 1945. 



Typhoid fever from clams. Conn. Health Bull. 59: 289-292. 



The principal reason for the tremendous drop in cases of typhoid in Conn, has 

 been improved water supplies and better methods of disposal of sewage. 

 Present cases come usually from contact with a typhoid carrier or from eating 

 uncooked clams from polluted water. Recently, each summer or fall, occasional 

 cases of typhoid occur in which the only possible source of infection appears 

 to be raw clams. In 1945 an outbreak occurred in Fairfield County. Of 14 

 cases, 2 died, and most had eaten raw clams a short time before. Consumption 

 was traced to 2 restaurants. Outbreaks in the New York area also were traced 

 to these restaurants. The supplier was located and he agreed to stop 

 operations. It was suspected, but not proven, that the clams came from 

 contaminated waters. After sale of clams from this source stopped, no new 

 cases of typhoid fever appeared. As a result of the outbreak the Board of 

 Health of the Town of Greenwich required a permit from the health officer for 

 digging shellfish in Town waters. The species of clam is not identified, but 

 raw consumption identifies it almost certainly as Mercenaries (Venus) 

 mereenaria. - J.L.M. 



787 



Hartland, Bonnie J. 1978. 



Studies on antibacterial mechanisms in the hemolymph of the American oyster, 

 Crassostrea virginiea , and the quahog clam, Mereenaria mereenaria. In Sea 

 Grant Assn., Student abstracts Oregon State Univ. Sea Grant Coll. Progr. 

 Communic. Staff: 24-25. 



Hemolymph cells of both species phagocytized Escherichia coli, Salmonella 

 typhimurium, Shigella flexneri 3 and Vibrio parahemolyticus. Whole hemolymph 

 usually was more effective than separate phases. Bacteria were cleared less 

 effectively when they were exposed by intracardial inoculation than when they 

 were ingested. Under depuration for 72 hrs percent recovery of indicated 

 pathogenic bacteria was less than 1% after 2 4 hrs, under optimum environmental 

 conditions. Depuration was more effective at 20°C than at 6°C. - J.L.M. 



788 



Hartland, Bonnie J . , and John F. Timo-ney. 1979. 



In vivo clearance of enteric bacteria from the hemolymph of the hard clam 

 and the American oyster. Appl . Envir. Microbiol. 37(3): 517-520. 



American oyster and hard clam, Mereenaria mereenaria, were contaminated 

 experimentally with Escherichia eoli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella 

 flexneri by intracardial injection or by the natural route of ingestion. 

 Bacterial inactivation in hemolymph was monitored for 72 hrs after exposure 

 to these enteric pathogens at 20° to 6°C. At 6°C mean bacterial uptake by 

 ingestion and subsequent clearance were significantly lower than at 20 °C. 

 However, substantial bacterial clearance from hemolymph occurred for shell- 

 fish at each temperature. At 20°C viable bacteria were no longer detect- 

 able after 24 hrs in hemolymph of clams or oysters after exposure to con- 

 taminated water containing 4x10^ bacteria per ml. - from abstract in Sea 

 Grant notice of new publication. - J.L.M. 



789 



Hartman, Michael, Charles E. Epifanio, Gary Pruder, and Richard Srna. 1973. 



Farming the artificial sea: growth of clams in a recirculating seawater 

 system. Proc. 26th. Ann. Sess.Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst_- 59-74. 



Hatchery-reared hard clam larvae were held in 400 1 conical tanks. Water 

 was changed, and larvae fed daily on a mixture of Monoehrysis lutheri, 

 Isoehrysis galb ana, and Nannoehloris sp. in the ratio of cell numbers 2:2:1, 

 respectively. Total concentration of algal cells was 5xl0 4 cells/ml. Larvae 

 were allowed to set in the growing tanks. Waste treatment was by submerged 

 biological filter, ultraviolet light, and activated carbon filter. Ammonia, 



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