798 



Haven, Dexter S. 1978. 



Underutilized species of shellfish in Virginia waters. In Proc . Interstate 

 Seafood Seminar, Oct. 4 to 7 , 1977. William R. Hess, Jr. (ed.) Va. Polytech. 

 Inst, and State Univ. Extension Div. and Dept. Food Sci. Technol., Seafood 

 Processing Research and Extension Unit, Hampton, Va : 76-84. 



People in Virginia have always eaten oysters, scallops, or hard clams 

 (Meraenaria meraenaria) and they are familiar with these species. A number 

 of other species are not so well known and are underutilized at present. - 

 - J.L.M. 



799 



Haven, Dexter, and Jay D. Andrews. 1957. 



Survival and growth of Venus mercenaria, Venus campeehiensis , and their 

 hybrids in suspended trays and on natural bottoms. Proc. Natl. Shellf. 

 Assn. 47: 43-49. 



Artificially reared clams of nearly the same size and age were grown in 

 wooden boxes filled with sandy mud, suspended about one foot above the 

 bottom. M. meraenaria is the native species in Virginia, but M. c amp e aniens is 

 and reciprocal hybrids of the two species were also placed in boxes. 

 Mortality of M. meraenaria was low in all seasons of the 2-yr experiment. 

 M. campeehiensis had heavy mortality in the 2 winters, and none survived the 

 2nd winter. Mortality of M. campeehiensis was low from April to Oct. 

 Mortalities of hybrids on the average were intermediate between parents, but 

 nearer to the northern species. Clams placed on the bottom, unprotected, had 

 heavy summer mortality, probably from blue-crab predation. All clams began 

 growth in Apr or early May and ceased in Nov. Hybrids and southern species 

 increased in weight from 0.5 to almost 11 g in 1955 and to 29 g in 1956. 

 Northern species grew little more than 1/2 as fast as the others, only to 

 17 g by end of the 2nd growing season. Clams in suspended trays outgrew those 

 on bottom. Yield cannot be determined until clams reach marketable size, but 

 at the end of the experiment hybrids had greatest yield (biomass) . High 

 survival rate of M. meraenaria suggested that they might eventually provide 

 higher yields to clammers although they grew more slowly than hybrids. The 

 test was fairly rigorous because winters of 1954-55 and 1955-56 were the 

 coldest in a decade. - J.L.M. and D.L. 



800 



Haven, Dexter, and Paul Kendall. 1973. 



A survey in the Elizabeth River, Virginia, for oysters, clams and shell in 

 the vicinity of the proposed TRANSCO construction site. Xerox copy. 



There were insignificant quantities of hard clams in the 375.4 acres sampled. 

 Only 12 clams were recovered in the 362 samples which covered 363 square 

 yds. - abstract of M.C.'s abstract. 



801 



Haven, Dexter S.,and Joseph G. Loesch. 1973. 



Summary, conclusions, and recommendations based on an investigation into 

 commercial aspects of the hard clam fishery and development of commercial 

 gear for the harvest of molluscs. Va. Inst. Mar. Sci., 108 p. 



Hard clams are widely distributed in Chesapeake Bay, in heavy to moderate 

 concentrations in six areas totaling about 19,000 acres. These 6 areas are: 

 north side of the lower York River and the Coleman Bridge vicinity; Tue- 

 Marsh-Back Creek area; Poquoson Flats; the southern section of the 

 Willoughby-Crumbs Banks area; Hampton Flats; and lower James River. No 

 other commercially significant concentrations of clams were found in lower 

 Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. About 95% of hard clams harvested in 

 Chesapeake Bay are taken with patent tongs from areas of high and moderate 



222 



