822 



Henderson, Stephen P. 1978. 



Shellfish hatcheries, an industry view. In Drugs and Food from the Sea: 

 Myth or Reality? Pushkar N. Kaul and Carl J. Sindermann (edsj University 

 of Oklahoma, Norman: 263-271. 



Hatchery spawning and-rearing of shellfish is a delicate process to begin 

 and control, and the hatchery product is met in the market with mixed 

 reaction. This paper discusses the hatchery process without reference to 

 specific molluscs. It points out that the market is about 2 billion seed 

 per year, and this can be supplied by hatcheries if certain conditions are 

 met. Once that is achieved, International Shellfish Enterprises believes 

 that the future is optimistic. - J.L.M. 



823 



Hendrickson, S. A. 1975. 



Ongoing shellfish management programs. In Proceedings of a Workshop on the 

 Shellfish Management Program in New York State. N.Y.S. Dept. Envir. Conserv. 

 and N.Y. Sea Grant Inst., Albany: 25-27. 



The Department began a formal shellfish transplant program in 1964. Major 

 purpose was to reduce standing crops of shellfish in certain closed waters to 

 levels no longer attractive to poachers, thus reducing potential health 

 hazards and reducing problems of law enforcement. The second objective was 

 to make an unusable resource available under acceptable sanitary conditions. 

 In 10 years over 215,000 bu of hard clams were transplanted to grounds around 

 the shores of Long Island. In 1973 federal funds were provided to give 50% 

 matching grants for transplants and introductions of spawning stock by 

 interested towns on Long Island. Funds are administered, and supervision of 

 transplants provided by the State. Allowances were $50,000 in 1973, $80,000 

 in 1974, and the 1975 budget allocated $50,000. The Department also conducts 

 shellfish population surveys. It is proposed to expand these surveys as 

 funds become available. Conflicts sometimes develop between private shellfish 

 farmers and those who harvest public grounds. The Department is responsible 

 to attend to the interests of both segments of industry. By law, the State 

 cannot, however, lease lands to private planters if independent baymen can 

 make a living by harvesting wild crops there. Plans were developing at the 

 time of writing to offer certain areas of bottom for leasing. Cooperation 

 of all segments was invited. - J.L.M. 



824 



Heppell, D. 1961. 



The naturalization in Europe of the quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.). 

 J. Conchol. 25(1): 21-34. 



In the U.S. hard clams, unlike oysters, are eaten in all seasons. Meat 

 content of both species is influenced by spawning, but the muscular foot 

 keeps the volume of clam meat at a higher level. The number and position 

 of hinge teeth are of primary importance in taxonomy of the Veneridae. 

 V. verrucosa is the type species for Venus L. Meraenaria Schumacher, 

 which has no anterior lateral hinge tooth, is the type species of 

 Mercenaria. Attempts were made from time to time to introduce the quahog 

 to British and French waters. Almost all failed, but the species has 

 appeared in places with no history of introduction attempts. The first 

 recorded finding in Britain was about 1859 at Bootle. This was a dead 

 shell, believed to be from ballast. In 1864 M. mercenaria was found living 

 in the Humber estuary. By 1889 it was abundant. The colony now is believed 

 to be extinct. Failure of colonization attempts in the 19th century was 

 thought to be caused by failure to recognize that this was an estuarine 

 species. Another attempt in more brackish waters was made in 1883 in the 

 Dee, but this also failed, although the vigor of these clams was proven by 

 their survival for at least 16 months in an aquarium. In the 1920s hard 



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