860 



Holland, Janice Katherine. 1946. 



A cytological study of the method of formation of the crystalline style in 

 Venus meroenaria. M.S. thesis, Brown University: iii+39 p. 



The long narrow cells lining the minor typhlosole, and to a lesser extent 

 the cells lining the major typhlosole, secrete the major parts of the mucin 

 and glycoprotein components of the crystalline style. The shorter, broader 

 cells lining the style sac contain granules which stain with orange G .and 

 which may prove to represent enzymes or their precursors which are found in 

 the style. An adequate supply of oxygen is essential for formation of a 

 well developed style. Extra-cellular absorption of food particles can take 

 place in the style sac as well as in the intestine. Small particles of food 

 are capable of being incorporated into the substance of the style. - from 

 author's summary - J.L.M. 



861 



Holmsen, Andreas A. 1965. 



R.I. quahogers make a living despite handraking methods. Maritimes, Univ. 

 R.I. 9(1): 4-6. 



Over 90% of the commercial quahog harvest in R.I. was taken with bullrakes 

 and tongs. The number of commercial clammers using manual methods had 

 dropped from nearly 3,000 in 1955-56 to less than 1,000 in a decade. 

 Responses to a mail questionnaire showed that, of 872 commercial hand 

 harvesters, about 26 were oystering and about 87 were students. The 

 remaining 759 quahogers received from none to about 90% of their income 

 from clamming. Only 168 people could be classified as full-time clammers, 

 who derived 75% or more of their income from that source. Analysis of 

 returns from clammers 25 to 45 yrs old showed that the average net return/hr 

 of work was $2.84, better than the hourly wage of production workers of 

 $2.02. Gross return was $24.30/day, expenditures $3.25/day, depreciation 

 $1.20/day, for a net return of $19.85/day. It was concluded that hand 

 harvesting of quahogs in R.I. could yield a reasonably good return to 

 strong, able-bodied men, but that they would be hurt the most if natural 

 events or increased dredging intervened. - J.L.M. 



862 



Holmsen, Andreas. 1966. 



The Rhode Island quahog industry - some economic aspects. Bulletin #386, 

 Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Rhode Island: 1-4 3. 



The number of handrakers in Rhode Island has declined from a high of 2,837 

 in 1955-56 to about 900 in 1965. When the average price received was 

 8.28£/pound of clams, a full time handraker netted $4,487 for the 1962-63 

 season. Dredging for clams in Rhode Island is restricted to December 1 to 

 March 31, and to certain areas. Dredgers are limited to 30 bushels a day. 

 In the 1962-63 season, the average price received per bushel was $7.54, and 

 the net return to the dredgeboat owner for the season was $2,768 or $41 per 

 day. In 1963, the 15 largest hard clam dealers in Rhode Island handled an 

 ex-vessel value of clams close to $1.3 million, and 74% of the clams were 

 sold to out-of-state markets. Landings of hard clam in Rhode Island have 

 declined over the past 10 years. In 1955 5,020,000 pounds of meats were 

 landed, in 1964 only 1,827,000 pounds. Prices received for clams fluctuate 

 seasonally. Prices for littlenecks peak in February and September and are 

 lowest in April. The following recommendations were made: 1) better 

 utilization of polluted stocks; 2) increased dredging; 3) increase use of 

 rotational harvesting pattern; 4) private leasing of grounds; 5) seeding 

 with juvenile clams; 6) develop hatchery programs. - D.L. 



240 



