384 



Humes, Arthur G.,and Roger F. Cressey. 1960. 



Seasonal population changes and host relationships of Myocheres major 

 (Williams), a cyclopoid copepod from pelecypods. Crustaceana 1: 3 07-325. 



Myooheres major was found sporadically in small numbers in Venus meraenaria 

 from Cotuit Bay, Mass. in summer. Tagelus gibbus was the preferred host. 

 - J.L.M. 



885 



Humphries, E.,and F. C. Daiber. 1967. 



Shellfish survey of Indian River Bay and Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. Northeast 

 Marine Health Sciences Lab., U.S. Pub. Health Serv., Narragansett, R.I., 

 Tech. Rept. 



List only. 



886 



Hunt, D. A. 1970. 



Sanitary control of shellfish and marine pollution. In Marine Pollution 

 and Sea Life. Mario Ruivo (ed.) . Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London: 565-568. 



Meraenaria meraenaria is not mentioned, but the discussion is pertinent to 

 that species. Membership and operation of the U.S. National Shellfish 

 Sanitation Program are described. Division of responsibility between state 

 and federal agencies, and reasons for preferring E. coli rather than coliform 

 organisms as a group as an index of pollution, are discussed. The first 

 shellfish-associated epidemic of infectious hepatitis was reported in Sweden 

 in 1955, soon followed by outbreaks in Raritan Bay, N.J. and Pascagoula, Miss. 

 Heavy metals as well as infectious hepatitis are of concern. Depuration is 

 one means of purification, but variations in biological activity of individual 

 bivalves pose problems. Sea clams are also affected, and areas off Sandy 

 Hook, N.J. and off the mouth of Delaware Bay, each with a radius of 9.7 km 

 from the center of ocean dump sites have been closed to harvesting. - J.L.M. 



887 



Hunt, Daniel A. 1979. 



Microbiological standards for shellfish growing waters - Past, present and 

 future utilization. Proc . Natl. Shellf. Assn. 69: 142-146. 



It is difficult at best to establish a line in a river, cove, or estuary 

 that will reasonably guarantee that all shellfish below that line will 

 always be safe for consumption. The control agency has two alternatives: 

 1) to prohibit sale of shellfish which have not been retort-processed or 

 otherwise heat-treated to inactivate pathogens. This would not provide 

 protection against toxic chemicals or marine biotoxins . The other alterna- 

 tive, chosen by the founding fathers of NSSP in 1925, is 2) to maintain 

 sanitary controls which will result in harvesting and marketing of safe 

 shellfish. Shellfish grown in contaminated areas can be harvested and mar- 

 keted if they are properly relayed or depurated according to NSSP guidelines. 

 Theoretically there should be no viable sewage organisms in "approved" 

 growing areas. In the real world, however, this is an impractical goal. 

 The NSSP standard is as follows: the coliform median MPN does not exceed 

 70/100 ml, and not more than 10% of samples ordinarily exceed an MPN of 

 230/100 ml for a 5-tube decimal dilution test in those portions of the area 

 most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most unfavorable 

 hydrographic and pollution conditions. The limitation of the upper 10% at 

 an MPN of 230 made allowance for the variability of the method. Approximately 

 1/2 of the samples taken from a routine sampling station in an "approved" 

 growing area can exceed a coliform MPN of 70. The most common misinterpre- 

 tation of the standard is to classify an area as "approved" when a critical 



247 



