955 



Kan-no, Hisashi. 1969. 



A note on the study of the spawning season and the culture of the hard clam, 

 Mereenaria mereenaria, at Sapelo Island, Georgia in 1968. Unpub. ms. Tohuku 

 Regional Fish. Res. Lab., Shiogama, Miyogi , Prefecture, Japan, 7 p., 3 figs., 

 4 tables, .11 pis. 



Gonads developed rapidly from Feb to April; spawning occurred between mid 

 April and early May as water temp ranged from 19° to 25°C. From May to 

 Sept gonads were absorbed into the body. Mass culture of hard clam was 

 attempted following the methods of Loosanoff and Davis (1963) in May and 

 June. Approximately 30% of mature clams spawned. Survival rate was 31% 

 for May and 4% for June. From May to Dec clams grew to about 5 mm in length. 

 - M.C. 



956 



Kane, T. E. 1950. 



Interview system, Greenwich Bay. Ann. Conf . , Clam Investigations, Boothbay 

 Harbor, Me. U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv.: 20. 



Purposes: to estimate removal of quahogs from Greenwich Bay, to estimate 

 seasonal variation in various characters, and to trace utilization of year 

 classes. Results: average daily catch per man 3/4 to 1 1/2 bu/day necks; 

 1/2 to 2 bu/day large; av. number of men/day about 50 (35-76); av. no. 

 hours/day /man about 5 1/2; most heavily fished areas, southern and western 

 sections; shifts in operations Aug-Oct east to west; total est. catch to 



date (Aug. 1 - Nov. 11) 4,500 bu necks, 3,600 bu large. Problems: removal 

 of illegal clams reported to be as -high as 80% of total, but probably 

 exaggerated; market for necks higher, price $6; large lower in price, no 

 market except to canneries, $2.75/bu. - J.L.M. 



957 



Kaplan, Eugene H. , J. R. Welker, and M. Gayle Kraus. 1974. 



Some effects of dredging on populations of macrobenthic organisms. Fish. 

 Bull. 72 (2) : 445-480. 



Populations of epi- and infauna were studied from 10 months before, to 11 

 months after, a navigation channel was dredged through a small, shallow 

 lagoon on the north fork of Long Island, N.Y. in the Town of Southold. 

 Included was a special survey of the hard clam population, which supports 

 a substantial sport fishery and a small commercial fishery. Less than a 

 year after dredging commercial clammers reported no substantial difference 

 in the size of their catch, which was 4 to 5 bu/day. Apparently release of 

 flocculent and suspended material by dredging caused no mass mortality of 

 clams. Four major clamming areas were sampled before and after dredging. 

 Clams not directly exposed to mechanical disturbance survived the dredging 

 process, even within 4 00 m of the channel. Considerable reductions in 

 clam populations on the beds later suggests that some mortality-producing 

 factor was at work. Effects of dredging in the channel area itself were 

 obvious. Few clams survived. Average numbers of clams/m 2 in 3 areas were 

 7.5, 7.8 and 12.1. After dredging these numbers had dropped to 2.9 and 0.3. 

 The third area apparently was not sampled again. - J.L.M. 



958 



Kaplan, E. H. , J. R. Welker, M. G. Kraus, and S. McCourt. 1975. 



Some factors affecting the colonization of a dredged channel. Mar. Biol. 

 32: 193-204. 



Mereenaria mereenaria was most common in bottoms with high percentage of silt 

 and organic matter. It was a dominant form at 5 of 15 stations before 

 dredging. About 2 months after dredging two stations had very high biomass, 

 primarily because large Mereenaria mereenaria were present. No hard clams had 

 been taken at these stations before dredging. Eleven months after dredging, 

 numbers of organisms and standing crop of all species were significantly lower 

 than before dredging. Current velocities were reduced in most places. 

 Succession did not occur, but colonization began soon after dredging at most 

 stations. - J.L.M. 



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