on suitability of the Great Kills-Princess Bay area in Raritan Bay for 

 harvesting market clams. Bacteriological examinations were made of Bay 

 water and hard clam samples. Coliform densities in macerated clam meats 

 were equal to, or exceeded by 1.5 times, coliform density of overlying 

 waters at 10°C and above. During hibernation, below 4°C, coliform densities 

 in clams were low. Between 4 and 10°C clams had about 0.5 to 0.8 of the 

 coliform density of surrounding waters. On the average, 60% of hard clams 

 reaching market would contain 1.3 times the mean coliform content of waters 

 from which they were taken. Estimated coliform densities in clams dug from 

 open (certified) waters of New Jersey and New York in the Raritan Bay area 

 were 130 and 44/100 ml of emulsified clam meats, respectively. Rough 

 estimates, based upon admittedly incomplete data, led to the assumption that 

 few cases of typhoid fever occurred in New York City from eating raw clams 

 dug from certified waters. Estimated incidence of Eberthella typhosa in 

 hard clam meats was 6 organisms/lxl0° coliforms. It was concluded that 

 occasional cases of typhoid fever could develop from eating clams polluted 

 with sewage to the degree present in Raritan Bay. It was pointed out that 

 it is obvious that no line could be drawn on one side of which clams are 

 safe for consumption, and on the other side of which they are unsafe. Any 

 shellfish polluted by coliforms of sewage origin are potentially a source of 

 typhoid, despite absence of traceable outbreaks from such sources. An 

 arbitrary standard was recommended which would reduce estimated total coliform 

 content of annual production of clams to satisfactory level. A reduction of 

 50% in total coliforms per annual production below those that prevailed at 

 the time in clams from approved waters was judged to be satisfactory. On 

 that basis, a standard of 70 coliforms/100 ml in waters overlying shellfish 

 beds was recommended for harvesting hard clams to be eaten raw. This 

 standard was recognized as a compromise between potential dangers of 

 intestinal infections, and comparative rarity, and perhaps complete absence, 

 of actual infections from shellfish from approved sources. Suggested closed 

 areas in Raritan Bay were illustrated. It was suggested also that allowance 

 should be made for increased coliform counts during periods of high land 

 water discharge. Future studies were suggested, including obtaining basic 

 data in support of different standards winter and summer. It was suggested 

 that 50 coliforms/100 ml when clams are active and 100/100 ml in the 

 hibernation period might be equivalent to a single standard of 7 0/100 ml. 

 - J.L.M. 



971 



Kellogg, J. L. 1892. 



A contribution to our knowledge of the morphology of the lamellibranchiate 

 mollusks. Bull. U.S. Fish Coram. 10: 389-436 + plates. 



The paper must be read to extract all details that apply to hard clam. 

 Eleven species were examined in detail. Included here are only direct 

 references to Venus meveenavia. The brittle shell is almost entirely lime. 

 Position of adductor muscles is marked on the interior by glossy, more or 

 less oval areas, and a line of the same glistening appearance runs from one 

 adductor scar to the other, near and parallel to ventral border of shell. 

 This pallial line folds inward posteriorly, making a deep loop into which 

 siphons can be retracted. Each adductor muscle has 2 kinds of fiber, one 

 darker than the other. The darker is interior to the lighter and is larger. 

 Muscle fibers are striated. Fibers of the darker portion are more compact 

 and firm, and probably supply most of the force required to keep the shell 

 closed. Fibers of the lighter portion are not so closely packed, and can 

 contract more quickly to close the shell. Two pairs of foot-retractor 

 muscles are easily seen in Venus , attached to the shell close to adductors 

 and joining the anterior and posterior parts of the foot. The foot occupies 

 the whole ventral surface of the visceral mass, extending slightly backward 

 as well as forward. It is flattened from side to side and the anterior end 

 is ploughshare-shaped and greatly protrusible. It is more or less sharp or 

 heel-like on its ventral surface. The foot is made up of muscle fibers, 

 irregularly distributed vertically and horizontally, leaving everywhere 

 spaces connected with the vascular system. Blood forced into these spaces 

 causes extension of the foot for digging. In the region of the posterior 

 end of the stomach the sexual gland forces its way down between the more 

 scattered foot muscles. Ventral borders of the mantle are fused and 

 connected with gills. Mantle wall is richly supplied with blood spaces. 



269 



