clams 1 3/16 inches long were planted. Six months later they had grown to 

 1 12/16 inches, or an increase in volume of 222%. Between tide lines, hard 

 clams 1.25 inches long increased 2.5 times or more in volume in half a year. 

 Presence of seaweed interfered with growth of clams by interfering with 

 water movement, but if weeds could be controlled, as in the intertidal zone, 

 artificial culture should be possible. No wandering tendency was observed. 

 Growth in racks above the bottom was not satisfactory. The only enemy ob- 

 served was Lunatia which burrows into the umbo. Nothing appears to place 

 difficulty in the way of artificial culture. The illustrations show the 

 body parts discussed, the paths of ciliary movement, the gills, and the ways 

 in which food and debris are taken into the gills or discarded. - J.L.M. 



977 



Kellogg, James L. 1905. 



Notes on marine food mollusks of Louisiana. Gulf Biol. Sta. , Cameron, La., 

 La. State Board Agric. Immigr., Baton Rouge, Bull. 3: 6-4 3. 



This report deals primarily with the oyster resource and industry. In 

 comparing the industry in Louisiana with Long Island Sound it is stated that 

 the Long Island Sound industry has been successful enough to cover the 

 natural clam beds, especially on the south side of Long Island. "A clam- 

 canning concern located here would have been forced out of business by the 

 oystermen if it had not reached down the coast to the Carolina sounds for 

 its supply. Six years ago the owner of this, the largest clam-canning 

 establishment in the country, told the writer that his orders, then amounting 

 to 10,000 quart cans a day, were increasing, and that with the spreading of 

 oyster beds over the clam bottoms,- he thought he could see the end of the 

 business on Long Island. The oyster laws of New York made it possible for 

 the selectmen of the various towns on the shore to lease the clam bottoms to 

 oystermen - who will pay a revenue." Venus mercenaria was found in abundance 

 on the west shore of the Chandeleur Islands. - J.L.M. 



978 



Kellogg, James L. 1910. 



Shell-Fish Industries. Am. Nature Ser. Group IV. Working With Nature. 

 Henry Holt and Co. , New York, xvi+361 p. 



Venus mercenaria is given as the best example to illustrate anatomy of the 

 ancestral bivalve. Anatomy and physiology are described in some detail, with 

 illustrations, and with reference to Ostrea virginiaa and other species, as 

 well as hard clam. Most of the book is devoted to a description of oyster 

 culture in Europe, Japan and the coastal areas of the United States. Lesser 

 space is given to My a arenavia and scallops. Chapter 21, p. 321-332, 

 describes the hard clam industry of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. 

 Although it is often found in the intertidal zone, hard clam is most abundant 

 in deeper water, where it is continually submerged. It grows to a depth of 

 at least 50 ft and probably considerably deeper. Abundance had decreased 

 considerably. In 1898 a company which had been marketing 10,000 cans of hard 

 clam daily for years abandoned Great South Bay, Long Island, for North 

 Carolina because the supply in N.Y. virtually failed. Excessive digging had 

 reduced hard clam abundance on most other bottoms. South of Chesapeake Bay, 

 and into the Gulf of Mexico, the stocks were scarcely used. Experiments 

 showed that clams grew better when they were continually submerged than in the 

 intertidal zone. Although it was believed that hard clams migrate laterally, 

 this was not confirmed by observation. Continually submerged, quahaugs 

 1 1/4 in long at planting increased in volume on one bed 222% in 6 months. 

 On another bed clams 1 3/8 in long increased only 78% in volume. Reduced 

 growth was attributed to reduction in water flow by attached algae. In 

 favorable areas between tide lines 1 1/4-inch clams increased in volume from 

 155 to 255%. "Little neck" size is reached in a little more than 2 yrs after 

 fertilization. In eelgrass beds, it might take as much as 8 yrs to reach the 

 same size (2 in long) . Water currents were important for growth. Hard clams 

 reproduced normally and grew in waters of 1.009 to 1.025 salinity. Natural 

 enemies of adults are few, but young may be vulnerable to predators, 

 especially after setting and before complete burial. The declining quahaug 



273 



