996 



Kerswill, C. J. 1949. 



Effects of water circulation on the growth of quahaugs and ovsters. J. Fish. 

 Res. Bd. Canada 7(9): 545-551. 



Quahaugs were planted in marked plots, trays or special boxes at various 

 depths below low tide level. They were held in natural environment through 

 growing season, and effects of water circulation were measured by change in 

 shell height. Most differences in growth rate can be interpreted as caused 

 by differences in water circulation. Clams in trays planted on bottom grew 

 appreciably more than those in plots. Differences in water flow were 

 measured with a current meter. Clams planted in plots with heavy growth of 

 eelgrass grew very little as compared with those in clear bottom. Those in 

 light eelgrass had intermediate growth. Clams in suspended trays in vertical 

 series grew more rapidly near the surface of the water than near bottom. 

 Clams grown in special boxes designed to control the amount of water 

 circulation showed the same responses, fast growth with unimpeded flow, 

 slower when circulation was limited. Experimental results were compared 

 against growth of quahaugs on natural beds in the vicinity, one upriver, one 

 down. Ten-year-old clams at the downriver bed averaged nearly 70 mm in shell 

 height. Clams of the same age upriver, where water circulation was less, 

 were about 2 mm smaller. Differences between natural beds might be caused 

 at least partially by salinity and temp differences, but these differences 

 were considered small as compared with water flow. It was suggested that the 

 important effects of water circulation were to alter availability of food, 

 and perhaps cleansing exposed ends of siphons. - J.L.M. 



997 



Kidder, Gerald M. 1976. 



The ribosomal RNA cistrons in clam gametes. Develop. Biol. 49(1): 132-142. 



The only reference to Mercenaria mercenaria is on the last page, where it is 

 noted that the satellite may be of common occurrence among marine mollusks, 

 since preparative CsCl gradients have indicated its presence in Mytilus 

 edulis and Mercenaria mercenaria. - J.L.M. and M.W.S. 



998 



Kinne, 0. 1963. 



The effects of temperature and salinity on marine and brackish water 

 animals. I. Temperature. Oceanogr . Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 1: 301-34 0. 



The effect of temp on growth has been studied in some detail in various 

 aquatic animals. Examples are Venus mercenaria (Loosanoff and Nomejko, 

 1951) . In Venus mercenaria gametes remain viable until the next season 

 (Loosanoff and Davis 19 51) . This review paper undoubtedly has other 

 references to Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria without naming the organism 

 specifically. Major headings are temperature and function, temperature and 

 structure, and adaptation to temperature. There is an extensive bibliography. 

 - J.L.M. 



999 



Kinne, Otto. 1967. 



Physiology of estuarine organisms with special reference to salinity and 

 temperature: General aspects. In Estuaries. G. H. Lauff (edj . Am. Assn. 

 Adv. Sci., Pub. 83, Washington, D.O: 525-540. 



No mention of Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria. - J.L.M. 



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