1000 



Kirk, R. G. 1979. 



Marine fish and shellfish culture in the member states of the European 

 economic community. Aquaculture 16(2): 95-122. 



Work at Conwy has shown that rearing the quahog (Meroenaria meroenaria) 

 through to the 10 mm size is relatively easy with a survival rate of about 

 25%. M. meroenaria is relatively slow-growing in north European waters 

 and is very readily attacked by crabs when planted without suitable pro- 

 tection. When soft mud was seeded with 10 mm quahogs under a covering of 

 plastic mesh, growth was good and survival more than 80% over a 2-year 

 growing period. Some measure of protection is essential. - J.L.M. 



1001 



Kjerfve, Bjorn. 1976. 



The Santee-Cooper : A study of estuarine manipulations. In Estuarine 

 Processes. Vol. 1. Uses, Stresses, and Adaptation to the Estuary. Martin 

 Wiley (ed.) . Academic Press, New York: 44-56. 



In the early 1940s the Santee River, S.C., once the 4th largest river on the 

 U.S. east coast, was diverted into the tidally dominated Cooper River, 

 reducing the Santee discharge substantially. Resultant increase in salinity 

 and other changes created a favorable environment for Meroenaria meroenaria 

 and led to a new fishery where one had not existed before. Prior to 1973 no 

 hard clams were taken commercially in the Santee estuary. In 1974-75 almost 

 31,000 bushels were taken, about 73% of total S.C. landings of hard clam. 

 Other effects of diversion were adverse. For example, shoaling of Charleston 

 Harbor has required an annual dredging expenditure of nearly $5 million. 

 Plans to redivert most of Cooper R. flow to the Santee could destroy a 

 lucrative shellfishery worth $277,000 in landed value and still growing. 

 - J.L.M. 



1002 



Kjerfve, Bjorn, and J. E. Greer. 1978. 



Hydrography of the Santee River during moderate discharge conditions. 

 Estuaries 1 (2) : 111-119. 



The Santee River, S.C. was diverted into the tidally dominated Cooper River 

 as part of a hydroelectric power project. This created conditions in the 

 Santee estuary favorable to shellfish, but also caused severe shoaling in 

 Charleston Harbor at the mouth of the Cooper River. A rediversion canal is 

 now under construction to alleviate shoaling and dredging problems in the 

 Cooper, but this threatens to destroy an oyster industry which produced 

 373,295 U.S. bushels in 1976, with landed value of $759,063, and a hard clam 

 industry which produced 19,710 bushels worth $208,686 in 1976. At least 81% 

 of this clam catch came from the Santee. Rediversion is expected to reduce 

 salinity drastically and to increase amounts of fine-grained suspended 

 sediments in the Santee. - J.L.M. 



1003 



Klashman, L. M. , K. H. Walker, and R. T. Dewling. 1969. 



Pollution control in the Raritan Bay area. Fed. Water Poll. Control Adm., 

 Hudson-Delaware Basins Off., N.J., CWA 10-3, 35 p. 



Could not locate. We have another, same authors, same title. Search 

 terminated. - J.L.M. 



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