the bottom in front of the teeth. The bag holds 10 to 15 bushels. The peak 

 season for clams is June to August inclusive, which is the off season for 

 oysters. Because clams live in the bottom, and are less densely distributed 

 than oysters, they are somewhat more difficult to harvest, but Bloom Co. can 

 take 25 to 35 bu/hr and lands about 75 bu of littlenecks/day . In clam season 

 over 90% of vessel time is devoted to clamming. Most of the clam industry 

 harvests from natural beds, but the Company has grounds in polluted waters in 

 Norwalk Harbor, Conn. , from which it transplants up to 700 bu/day to clean 

 waters near Darien. After a month's depuration period, clams can be harvested 

 for market. Some efforts have been made to produce clams in hatcheries, but 

 young are extremely vulnerable to predation, and survival rates are very low. 

 Rational exploitation and protection of natural clam beds appear to be the 

 most promising procedure. Prices of clams have risen considerably in the 

 last 10 yrs, from $19/bu for littlenecks to $30/bu (yrs not specified). 

 Cherrystones sold for $22/bu in 1972. Bloom Co. sells mostly littlenecks. 

 They produced about 20,000 bu/yr in 1970 and 1971. - J.L.M. 



1017 



Korringa, P. 1976. 



Farming marine organisms low in the food chain. Developments in aquaculture 

 and fisheries science, 1. Elsevier Sci. Pub. Co., Amsterdam, xv + 264 p. 



This book deals principally with seaweed and mussel farming. Mevcenaria 

 mercenaria is mentioned only once, to say that farming systems have been 

 tried in England and on the Atlantic coast of the United States using seed 

 produced in hatcheries but it is still too early to speak of commercial 

 success. Chapter 9 describes farming (or more accurately semi-farming) 

 of little neck clams, Venerupis deaussata . - J.L.M. 



1018 



Koshtoyants, Ch'. S.,and J. Salanki . 1958. 



On the physiological principles underlying the periodical activity of 

 Anodonta. Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 8: 361-366. 



Mevcenaria (Venus) mercenaria is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1019 



Kowalevsky, A. 188 9. 



Ein beitrag sur kenntnis der exkretionsorgane. Biol. Zentr. 9: 65-76. 



According to Martin and Harrison (1966) , abstracted elsewhere in this 

 bibliography, when a mixture of indigo sulfonate and carmine was injected 

 into Venus and other mollusks it was separated into its components , indigo 

 sulfonate accumulating in organs of Bojanus, carmine in pericardial glands. 

 Uptake of indigo sulfonate by organs of Bojanus after physiological injection 

 indicates that secretion occurs there. Reabsorption of materials from urine 

 is considered to take place here also. (This paper was not seen by us.) 

 - J.L.M. 



1020 



Kraeuter, John N., and Michael Castagna. 1978. 



An analysis of gravel, pens, crab traps and current baffles as protection 

 for juvenile hard clams (Mercenaria mevcenaria) . Proc. Eighth Ann. Meeting, 

 World Marie. Soc: 581-592. 



The Wells-Glancy method is the simplest and appears to be one of the most 

 cost effective means of raising bivalve larvae to the setting stage. After 

 metamorphosis newly set hard clams are placed in flowing seawater tables for 

 growth to 2 mm, the size required for planting. Gravel and baffles were 

 highly significant, and the interaction effect between baffles and gravel 

 was greater than either variable effect alone. Survival based on BxG inter- 

 action data was between 10% and 22% through September. There was no 



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