survival when gravel was absent. When baffles were absent but gravel was 

 present survival was 1 to 3%. In the 11 month period (Oct-Sept) growth was 

 17 mm or 1.5 mm/month. Protection by a combination of gravel and baffles 

 was statistically superior to any of the individual or combined effects of 

 the four variables for the first 11 months. - J.L.M. 



1021 



Krahl, Vernon E., and Melvin H. Bulmash. 1969. 



Studies on living ciliated epithelium. Am. Rev. Respir. Disease 99(5): 

 711-718. 



Cinemicrography of gill epithelium of Venus rnevcenavia, with or without 

 vital staining of mucus-secreting cells, was used to study ciliary water 

 currents, ciliary motion, and rate of ciliary beating under normal and 

 experimental conditions. Lidocaine, pontocaine , atropine and isoproterenol 

 were cilio-inhibitory to various degrees, and in some cases eventually 

 ciliostatic. Pontocaine halted ciliary activity and destroyed many 

 epithelial cells. Tobacco smoke dissolved or suspended in seawater 

 produced reversible ciliostasis. - modified authors' summary - J.L.M. 



1022 



Kranz, Peter M. 1974. 



The anastrophic burial of bivalves and its paleoecological signifiance. 

 J. Geol. 82: 237-265. 



Mevcenavia mevcenavia belongs to a group of shallow-burying siphonate 

 suspension feeders, which are strong, moderately rapid to rapid burrowers, 

 generally able to escape 15-50 cm of burial in their native sediment. The 

 short siphons restrict it to a zone near the sediment-water interface. 

 They face the constant problem of disinterment by water currents, but can 

 cope because they have evolved extensive mantle fusion. This not only 

 confines and directs the water jet, but also strengthens it. M. mevcenavia 

 is among the groups of bivalve mollusks least affected by radical changes 

 in sediment type (e.g., burial in sediment different from native sediment), 

 but in general radical change from the native sediment type will signifi- 

 cantly reduce escape ability. Larger clams are better able to escape 

 burial than smaller. Limited available evidence suggests that changes in 

 temperature, salinity, and oxygen affect escape ability only at extreme ends 

 of tolerance range of mollusks. Rapid burrowing bivalves usually also 

 escape rapidly. M. mevcenavia 6.8 cm long on the average burrowed at 43.7 

 cm/hr, the 10th most rapid of 24 species examined. The type of foot is 

 highly correlated with escape potential. The foot of M. rnevcenavia. is 

 extremely flexible and operates largely by fluid pressure. Escape 

 burrowing is triggered by being cut off from the overlying water. Some 

 shell rotation may accompany the pushing of the foot and ejection of 

 water by the siphon, to allow the clam to escape vertically. M. meraenavia 

 can escape between 10 and 50 cm of native sediment, but if material in 

 sedimentation is radically different from native, escapement potential may 

 be reduced. - J.L.M. 



1023 



Kraus, Muriel Gayle. 1971. 



The colonization of a dredged channel in Goose Creek, Long Island. A thesis 

 submitted to the Department of Biology of Hofstra University in partial 

 fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, vi + 76 p. 



From April to June 1967 a channel was dug 75 ft wide, 7 ft deep, and 2,700 

 ft long from the inlet down the center of the Bay. Fifteen stations along 

 center of channel were sampled in March 1967, before dredging began, and in 

 August and October 1967 and April and June 1968. Mevcenavia rnevcenavia was 

 most common in substrates with a high percentage of silt and organic matter 

 but also containing shell. The species was dominant at most stations in the 

 middle of the transect before dredging. In April 1968 stations B and G, in 

 or near the inlet, had very high biomass of large hard clams, probably washed 

 in by dredging. Hard clams were absent at these stations in June 1968. Hard 

 clams or hard clam shells were found at almost all stations. - J.L.M. 



287 



