1057 



LeBosquet, M., Jr. 1956. 



Sewage treatment protects shellfish growing areas. Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 

 46: 35-38. 



Although it does not mention hard clam specifically, this paper contains a 

 useful non-technical description of primary and secondary sewage treatment 

 and the effects of storm overflows. - J.L.M. 



1058 



Lee, Henry. 1977. 



Use of shells found a good way to save clams from predators. Natl. Fisherman 

 57(1): 11A. 



An acre of flats is now expected to gross $12,000 annually with low investment 

 and costs, according to Walter F. Godwin. Small clams that otherwise would 

 have been eaten by crabs went under the shells and survived. The carrying 

 capacity of shelled areas reached 48 clams per m2 . About 150 cu yds of shell 

 an acre is all right. Scallop shells were used because they were most 

 available. Additional research is necessary to improve yields. - J.L.M. 



1059 



Lee, Richard E. 1944. 



A quantitative survey of the invertebrate bottom fauna of Menemsha Bight. 

 Biol. Bull. 86: 83-97. 



Meraenaria (Venus) meraenaria is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1060 



Lehman, W. , J. Kendrick-Jones, and A. G. Szent Gyorgyi. 1971. 



Regulatory factors in molluscan muscles. J. Gen. Physiol. 57: 248 (abstract). 



In adductor muscles of Meraenaria meraenaria, components which regulate 

 contraction by interacting with Ca are associated with myosin. Purified 

 myosin preparations from these muscles bind Ca with great affinity. Their 

 ATPase activity, even when combined with purified actin, required 10 - 6 to 

 10~5 ca. Tropomyosin is not required for Ca dependence of ATPase activity 

 or for Ca binding in the molluscan system, and reconstituted actomyosin 

 preparations which are free of tropomyosin have a strict Ca requirement. 

 Tropomyosin, however, can be obtained from thin filaments of mollusks. The 

 preparation forms paracrystals with a 395 A period, sediments as a single 

 component in the ultracentrifuge , moves as a single band in SDS-acrylamide 

 gel electrophoresis having an estimated chain weight of 38,000. Meraenaria 

 tropomyosin can combine with rabbit actin, with rabbit troponin complex, and 

 can substitute for rabbit tropomyosin in a reconstituted rabbit actomyosin 

 system. The component responsible for Ca regulation cannot readily be 

 dissociated from molluscan myosins. - J.L.M. 



1061 



Leibovitz , Louis. 1978. 



Shellfish diseases. In Health, Disease, and Disease Prevention in Cultured 

 Aquatic Animals. Selected papers presented at a conference sponsored by 

 Norden Laboratories, Lincoln, Nebr. , 9-10 June 1975. Mar. Fish. Rev. 

 40(3): 61-64 (MFR paper 1300). 



Common shellfish diseases are listed and known specific etiologic agents, 

 including viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and metazoan parasitic and 

 infectious agents, are discussed. Predators, toxic substances, and fouling 

 organisms also produce serious economic losses. Outbreaks of cholera have 

 been attributed to shellfish consumption in Europe and Africa. The only 

 hosts specifically mentioned are oysters, and species are not named. 

 Studies of the Long Island, N.Y., oyster industry described certainly apply 

 to Crassostrea virginiaa and Meraenaria meraenaria. A pathogenicity model 

 is described for testing pure bacterial isolates obtained from larval 

 cultures in commercial hatcheries. Results suggested that almost all 



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