1038 



Liu, 0. C.,and R. J. Cipolla. 1967. 



Study of antiviral factor from shellfish. Bact. Proc. 1967: 162 (abstract 

 V164) . 



PR8 influenza A virus and 11-day chick embryos were used to test antiviral 

 activity of extracts from various organs of Meroenaria meroenaria. Digestive 

 diverticula (livers) were found to contain most activity; other organs and 

 shell liquor contained very little. The factor was resistant to 50% 

 chloroform, 25% acetic acid, and heat at 56°C for 120 min, but completely 

 destroyed by 0.25% trypsin. Several other shellfish species from the west 

 coast contained a similar factor in liver. - J.L.M. 



1089 



Liu, 0. C, H. R. Seraichekas, and B. L. Murphy. 1966. 



Fate of poliovirus in northern quahaugs. Proc. Soc . Exper. Biol. Med. 

 121: 601-607. 



Uptake of type I poliovirus in hard clam occurred rapidly, reaching a 

 maximum in a few hours and was maintained at that level as long as 

 sufficient virus was present in the water. As the amount of virus in 

 seawater was reduced, viral content of the clam was reduced. Most virus 

 taken up by the clam was found in approximately equal amounts in digestive 

 diverticula and hemolymph, little in other parts of the body. Continuous 

 increase in viral content of clam feces indicated that viral uptake was a 

 continuous process. Virus was not found intracellularly or chemically 

 bound to any cell. This implies that virus can be cleansed from the 

 digestive system if the clam is placed in viral free waters. Although 

 virus was found in hemolymph in this experiment, it was probably due to 

 high levels of contaminants used. In nature, such high levels are un- 

 likely to occur and contamination of hemolymph should not be a significant 

 problem. - D.L. 



1090 



Liu, 0. C, H. R. Seraichekas, and B. L. Murphy. 1966. 



Viral pollution of shellfish. 1. Some basic facts of uptake. Proc. Soc. 

 Exper. Biol. Med. 123(2): 481-487. 



Four experiments were conducted by polluting hard clams with a strain of 

 type I poliovirus in a flowing water system. A higher uptake of virus was 

 achieved by clams in water of low viral content than in high viral content. 

 Clams were placed in sediment to simulate natural conditions, and polluted 

 with virus of approximately 10 PFU/ml of sea water. When examined, the 

 digestive diverticula had 3000-9000 PFU/g of poliovirus, over 90% of the 

 virus found in the clams. By incubating pseudofeces in poliovirus polluted 

 sea water, over 80% of the virus was adsorbed onto the mucus at all 

 temperatures tested (4°-37°C). - D.L. 



1091 



Liu, Oscar C, Helen R. Seraichekas, and Bert L. Murphy. 1967. 



Viral depuration of the northern quahaug. Appl . Microbiol. 15(2): 307-315. 



Three strains of human enterovirus and 2 running-sea water systems were used 

 to evaluate the feasibility of using the self-cleansing mechanism as a 

 practical way of obtaining virus-free Meroenaria mercenaria. Infectious 

 hepatitis virus was not available, but it was felt that results with other 

 viruses were meaningful. Some previous studies had thrown some doubt on this 

 approach, leading to the conclusion that although depuration of bacterially 

 contaminated shellfish has been successful, depuration of virus-polluted 

 bivalves was not likely because the contaminants were different. It was 

 concluded that failure of these investigators to depurate soft clams and 

 oysters was caused by their use of standing rather than running water. 



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