cherrystone size until 8 yrs. They are then at about 56% and 81% of 

 asymptotic size, respectively . Derived estimates of age-size relationship 

 appeared to be reasonable, but the authors suggested that this should be 

 checked by microscopic studies of transverse shell sections. - J.L.M. 



1098 



Loesch, Joseph G.,and Dexter S. Haven. 1973. 



Estimates of hard clam abundance from hydraulic escalator samples by the 

 Leslie method. Chesapeake Sci. 14(3): 215-216. 



Using the Leslie method, which uses the relationship between catch per unit 

 of effort and cumulative catch in a sequential sampling scheme to estimate 

 total abundance, numbers of clams on 7 half-acre plots were estimated. Then 

 all clams on the plots were harvested and total counts compared with 

 estimates. Differences between estimated and absolute abundance varied from 

 zero to 7.6%. Depending on density of clams on the plots, time saved by 

 subsampling ranged from an average of 7.7 hrs to as much as 14.2 hrs. 

 (Abstracter's note: Assuming that the plots were precisely 1/2 acre each, 

 densities ranged from 18.4 to 64.2 bu/acre. The average was 38.6 bu/acrej 

 - J.L.M. 



1099 



Loewi, O. 1921. 



Title not given. Arch. Physiol., Bonn 189: 239. 



Earlier observations on Venus mercenaria failed to give clear evidence for an 

 opposing excitatory mechanism to release of acetylcholine (ACh) by electrical 

 stimulation of visceral ganglion, which slowed beat and decreased amplitude, 

 or stopped the heart. Budington (1904) found no acceleration when different 

 ganglia were stimulated electrically. Carlson (1905) showed some excitation 

 following recovery from inhibition. In several other molluscan species 

 Carlson observed excitation only, following stimulation of ganglia or direct 

 stimulation of heart. He concluded that some molluscan hearts are supplied 

 only with inhibitor nerves, others with excitor nerves, and some with mixed 

 nerves. Whether excitor nerves release, in molluscan heart, a substance 

 comparable to adrenalin seems not to have been demonstrated, at least not for 

 V. meraenaria. - modified quotation by Welsh (1953) from Loewi ' s paper, which 

 is abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography - J.L.M. 



1100 



Lombard. 188 6. 



The temperature of the clam. 



This reference is given in the bibliography of Belding (1916) , abstracted 

 elsewhere in this bibliography. It is given here in its entirety, as cited. 

 According to Belding, Lombard recorded the temperature of a clam, possibly 

 Venus mereenaria, with a thermo-electric instrument. The temp was 1/4 °F 

 higher than the surrounding water. - J.L.M. 



1101 



Loomis, F. B.,and D. B. Young. 1912. 



Art. III. - On the shell heaps of Maine. Am. J. Sci., 4th. Ser. 34(199): 

 17-42. 



Examination of 8 shell heaps showed quahog remains at Sawyer's Island and 

 White Island. Early layers were Venus mercenaria, later Mya arenaria was the 

 species eaten. It was deduced that the original purpose in coming to the 

 seashore was for fishing and possibly hunting, not for clams or quahogs. No 

 trace of iron implements was found, which was interpreted to mean that the 

 heaps were formed prior to about 1627. The bases of the heaps were estimated 

 to have been laid down 300 to 500 years previously. (Abstracter's note: 

 chronological positions of hard clam and soft clam remains may provide clues 

 to the time at which relict populations of living hard clams were isolated 

 from a more widely distributed habitat.) - J.L.M. 



307 



