1114 



Loosanoff, Victor L. 1956. 



On utilization of salt water ponds for shellfish culture. Ecology 37(3): 

 614-616. 



In large bodies of water like Long Island Sound shellfish beds are vulnerable 

 to damage by storms, and control of predators is difficult. These problems 

 might be avoided by using relatively small bodies of water which are well 

 protected and easier to manage. Preliminary steps to determine suitability 

 of specific bodies of water are suggested: 1) a general survey to determine 

 total area and depth distribution, character of bottom and area suitable for 

 shellfish, presence and condition of native shellfish in different parts of 

 the pond, and occurrence and distribution of enemies; and 2) study changes in 

 salinity, temp, and pH; dissolved 02 with depth; seasonal changes in nutrients 

 and plankton; tidal range and direction and velocity of currents; if the pond 

 has no connection with the outside, and currents are sluggish, consider the 

 possibility of installing circulating and aerating devices. Possibilities of 

 controlling tidal flow in ponds with narrow openings also should be considered, 

 as should be the possibility of salinity control. With this knowledge of 

 local conditions and an understanding of industry and culture practices, and 

 of the biology and ecology of the species, plans can be made and experiments 

 designed to make maximum use of the pond. Certain devices and methods that 

 might be used to improve conditions are discussed. The species in mind was 

 American oyster, but it is pointed out that these techniques would be 

 applicable to Venus mereenaria and other bivalves. - J.L.M. 



1115 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1958. 



Challenging problems in shellfish biology. In Perspectives in Marine Biol. 

 A. A. Buzzati-Traverso (edj . Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley: 483-495. 



This is mainly a review article. It discusses physiologically different 

 races within molluscan species, their temperature relationships, salinity, 

 tolerance to silt, differences in food requirements, quality and quantity 

 of planktonic food, genetics of mollusks, hatchery practices, disease con- 

 trol, and control of predation. References to Mereenaria mereenaria cite 

 papers abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1116 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1959. 



You, too, can now hatch clams. Prog. Fish Cult. 21(1): 35. 



Venus mereenaria and Crassostrea virginiea can be cultivated artificially, 

 routinely and in large numbers, from egg to a size large enough to be planted 

 as seed. Spawning of hard clam can be induced any time of year. Ecological 

 and physiological requirements of larvae, control of disease, parasites and 

 predators, and other problems are mentioned but not discussed in detail. 

 Already about a million seed clams had been distributed for experimental 

 planting. - J.L.M. 



1117 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1959. 



Condylostoma- an Enemy of Bivalve Larvae. Science 129(3342): 147. 



An unidentified species of Condylostoma was observed feeding on Venus 

 mereenaria and Crassostrea virginica larvae in laboratory cultures with 

 high concentrations of organisms. Condylostoma is a ciliated protozoan 

 ranging in size from 400 to 900 u, but is not common in natural shellfish 

 growing areas. Members of the closely related family Folliculinidae, 

 common on oyster beds, and other members of the suborder Heterotrichina 

 may be natural predators of bivalve larvae. - W.J.B. 



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