1121 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1961. 



Effects of turbidity on some larval and adult bivalves. Proc. Gulf Caribb. 

 Fish. Inst. 14th Ann. Sess: 80-95. 



Results of these experiments strongly supported the view that lamellibranchs 

 feed most efficiently in relatively clear water. New data reported were for 

 American oyster. Data on Venus meraenaria were from work of H. C. Davis, 

 abstracted elsewhere in this document. - J.L.M. 



1122 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1962. 



Long Island Sound spawning and setting observations, Summer 1961. Comm. 

 Fish. Rev. 24 (2) : 35. 



Meraenaria meraenaria is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1123 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1962. 



Controlling experimental conditions in studies of eggs and larvae of aquatic 

 forms. Am. Zool. 2(3): 426-427 (abstract). 



Meraenaria meraenaria can now be induced to spawn any day of the year. 

 Reliable production of certain species of algae in unialgal and bacteria 

 free cultures assures a good supply of live foods. Dried algae, including 

 such unicellular forms as Soenedesmus sp., and especially freeze-dried 

 naked flagellates such as Isoahrysis galbana and Monoahrysis lutheri proved 

 to be excellent foods. Antibiotics and certain chemicals help to control 

 pathogenic bacteria in larval cultures, thus preventing mortality due to 

 disease. Good control of environmental conditions allows extensive studies 

 to be made on the effects of factors such as light, temp, salinity, tur- 

 bidity, pH, quality and quantity of food, inter- and intra-specif ic compe- 

 tition and water currents on development of young mollusks. Controlled 

 conditions also lead to study of diseases of larval and juvenile mollusks, 

 and open the field of selective breeding of species of commercial importance. 

 - J.L.M. 



1124 



Loosanoff, V. L. 1963. 



Laboratory technique of hard clam culture. Proc. Natl. Shellf . Assn. 52, 

 August 1961: iii. 



Listed by title only. - J.L.M. 



1125 



Loosanoff, Victor L. 1964. 



New shellfish farming. Trans. 29th N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. (1964): 

 332-337. 



Deterioration of the coastal environment and growth of human populations may 

 require mariculture to produce adequate protein from animals. To replace 

 diminishing natural set, hatchery culture must be substituted. Mollusks 

 reared in hatcheries must then be grown to market size, which will require, 

 among other things, predator control. Scientists of the U.S. Bureau of 

 Commercial Fisheries have developed techniques by which they can maintain 

 in the laboratory ripe, ready-to-spawn oysters and Meraenaria meraenaria 

 year-round. Clams can be induced to spawn in winter by gradually increasing 

 water temp over a 3-week period, or spawning can be delayed in summer by 

 holding clams at lower temp. Basic technique for rearing larvae is to change 

 water every 2 or 3 days to get rid of metabolic products. Under sanitary 

 conditions 50 to 100 larvae per cc of water can be grown to metamorphosis 



314 



