1137 



Loosanoff, Victor L., and Harry C. Davis. (no date). 



Methods for hatchery cultivation of clams, oysters and other commercial 

 mollusks . 



Cited as in preparation in 1963. We have assumed that this is represented 

 in papers published by the same authors in 1963 (Coram. Fish. Rev. 25(1): 

 1-11 and Adv. Mar. Biol., Academic Press, N.Y. 1: 1-13 6) abstracted 

 elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1138 



Loosanoff, Victor L., and James B. Engle. 194 2. 



Use of complete fertilizers in cultivation of microorganisms. Sci. 95(2471): 

 487-488. 



No mention of Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria. - W.J.B. 



1139 



Loosanoff, Victor L., and Robert R. Marak. 1951. 



Culturing lamellibranch larvae. Anat. Rec. 111(4): 545-546 (abstract 217,. 



Descriptions of larvae of 4 bivalves recently cultured in the laboratory and 

 grown to or beyond metamorphosis are given. Other species which have been 

 cultured successfully, including Venus mercenaria, are named. - J.L.M. 



1140 



Loosanoff, V. L.,and W. S. Miller. 1950. 



On sex reversal in adult clams, Venus mercenaria. Anat. Rec. 108(3): 619-620. 



Most hard clams pass through a protandric male phase, but adults, with few 

 exceptions, are of separate sexes. Examination of about 100 clams showed 

 that sex reversal in adults is rather uncommon. Clams were induced to spawn 

 in the laboratory and the sex was then etched on the shells. In the next 

 spawning season none showed a change in sex. - J.L.M. 



1141 



Loosanoff, V. L., and T. Murray, Jr. 1974. 



Maintaining adult bivalves for long periods on artificially grown 

 phytoplankton. Veliger 16: 93-94. 



No mention of Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria. - W.J.B. 



1142 



Loosanoff, Victor L. , Harry Davis, and Paul Chanley. 1953. 



Lack of relation between age of oysters or clams and quality of their spawn. 

 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv. , Fish. Biol. Lab., Milford, Conn., 

 Bull. 4, 2 p. 



Studies on Venus mercenaria showed that clams of different sizes and ages had 

 no significant differences in viability of spawn. Differences between clams 

 of the same size group often were as great as differences between individuals 

 of different groups. Larvae from clams of all sizes were carried successfully 

 to setting. Thus, clams of all age groups can be used safely as spawners. 

 However, large clams are preferable for 2 reasons: 1) they have demonstrated 

 their fitness to exist under the conditions of their natural environment; and 

 2) they produce more spawn/clam than smaller clams. - J.L.M. 



320 



