than concentrations contemplated under field conditions. A large barrier 

 laid down in Long Island Sound retained its integrity for 9 months despite 

 severe storms. Oysters survived on the barrier. No mortality of other 

 animals was observed. No clam mortality was observed in another experiment, 

 even when treated sand was laid down over a ground at 3 yd 3 /acre. Another 

 commercial compound, the insecticide Sevin (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) , 

 which is relatively harmless to humans, showed promise as a predator 

 deterrent, as did 2-chloro-l-nitropropane and lindane. - J.L.M. 



1150 



Loosanoff, V. L. , C. L. MacKenzie, Jr., and H. C. 



Davis . 



1962. 



Progress report on development of methods of chemical control of molluscan 

 enemies. Proc . Natl. Shellf. Assn. 51, August 1960, iii. 



Listed by title only. - J.L.M. 



L. MacKenzie, Jr., and L. W. Shearer. 1959. 



1151 



Loosanoff, V. L., C 



Use of chemical barriers to protect shellfish beds from predators. 

 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish Wildl . Serv., Bu. Coram. Fish., Biol. Lab., 

 Milford, Conn./ Bull. 6, Vol. 23: 1-11. (It was noted at bottom of p. 2 

 that the paper would appear with slight changes in Vol. 50, Proc. Natl. 

 Shellf. Assn.) 



Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



1152 



Loosanoff, V. L. , C. L. MacKenzie, Jr., and L. W. Shearer. 1960. 



Use of chemicals to control shellfish predators. Science 131(3412): 1522- 

 1523. 



Many enemies of oysters and clams can be controlled by heavy oils like 

 orthodichlorobenzene mixed with dry sand or other inert carriers to anchor 

 them in place on shellfish beds. - J.L.M. 



1153 



Loosanoff, V. L. , W. S. Miller, and P. B. Smith. 1951. 



Growth and setting of larvae of Venus mercenaria in relation to temperature. 

 J. Mar. Res. 10(1): 59-81. 



Larvae of Venus mercenaria were grown to metamorphosis in 4 experiments at 

 constant temps of 30, 27, 24, 21 and 18°C ± 1°C. Smallest straight-hinge 

 larvae were 86x64 y (length x width) , largest 236x228 y. Within the range 

 18 to 30°C, growth was usually, but not always, more rapid at high than at 

 low temp. Small temp differences were not important for growth. At 30°C 

 some larvae set on the 7th day after fertilization and setting was complete 

 5 to 7 days later. At 18°C first setting was 16 days after fertilization, 

 the latest 8 days later. Larvae metamorphosed at a length of 175 to 236 y, 

 most frequently at 200 to 210 y. Larvae grown at lower temps were not 

 larger at setting. Larvae from the same source and under identical conditions 

 varied widely in size. Range of larval lengths and modal length varied widely 

 between experiments at the same temp. Eggs placed in 15 °C water immediately 

 after fertilization did not usually develop to straight-hinge stage, but if 

 eggs were held at room temp for 9 hrs before being placed in 15°C water, some 

 would develop to straight-hinge larvae. Eggs placed in 33 °C water soon after 

 fertilization developed abnormally and most died. If zygotes were held at 

 about 22°C for 2 days after fertilization, then transferred to 33°C, larvae 

 would develop rapidly and normally. Organic debris does not appear to be 

 better than living phytoplankton as larval food. When larvae were fed 2 

 types of detritus they starved and died. Clean and carefully attended 

 cultures of larvae developed well without continuous aeration. Cultures 

 containing 50 to 100 larvae/cc of water were not overcrowded and grew to 

 metamorphosis. - J.L.M. 



323 



