1154 



Loosanoff, V. L. , W. S. Miller, and P. B. Smith. 



1951. 



Growth and setting of larvae of Venus mercenaria in relation to temperature. 

 Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 41: 75-97. 



This paper is virtually identical with an article with an almost identical 

 title that appeared in J. Marine Research in 1951. For that reason this has 

 not been abstracted. - J.L.M. 



1155 



Loring, Richard H. 



1979. 



Aquaculture. In_ Proc. Northeast Clam Industries: Management for the 

 Future. Ext. Sea Grant Advisory Program, U. Mass., and MIT Sea Grant 

 Program, SP-112: 105-107. 



One problem with the Federal program is the diversity of agencies, Dept. of 

 Agriculture for catfish and trout, Dept. of Interior for salmon, and NOAA 

 for marine work. This may well kill things for years to come. Even if a 

 measure does pass, OMB is against new programs and will not fund them even 

 if Congress overrides a Presidential veto. Probably the greatest obstacles 

 that aquaculture must overcome are the socio-bio-political constraints. 

 The Kyoto Declaration on the future of aquaculture in June 1976 was favor- 

 ably impressed with the potential of aquaculture, and recommended attention 

 by national and international agencies. - J.L.M. 



1156 



Lotsy, John P. 1895. 



The food of the oyster, clam and ribbed mussel. Rept. U.S. Commr. Fish, for 

 1893(19) : 375-386. 



Stomachs of Mercenaria mercenaria, soft clam, ribbed mussel, and American 

 oyster from the James River, Va. were examined and contents compared. 

 Oysters and clams also were held in glass dishes and faeces were examined, 

 to determine what had been digested and what had passed through intact. 

 Most diatoms in oyster and clam excrement had been digested. Decaying 

 organic matter taken in apparently was not digested. Hard clams presented 

 with diatom cultures accepted the material. When hashes of fish or shrimp 

 were offered, hard clams either closed their siphons, or forcibly ejected 

 the material almost as soon as it was taken in. The same results were 

 obtained with soft clam. It was concluded that the food of these bivalves 

 was almost exclusively diatoms, and that the food supply was a function of 

 the rate of water flow over the natural beds. Although copepods also were 

 abundant in the water they were hardly ever found in mollusk stomachs. The 

 possibility that dissolved organic matter can be utilized was rejected. 

 - J.L.M. 



1157 



Lough, R. Gregory. 1975. 



A reevaluation of the combined effects of temperature and salinity on 

 survival and growth of bivalve larvae using response surface techniques. 

 U.S. Dept. Commerce, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. , Fish. Bull. 73(1): 86-94. 



Response surface technique was used to reevaluate the combined effects of 

 temperature and salinity on Mercenaria mercenaria as determined by Davis 

 and Calabrese (1964). The mathematical model used was: Y=bo+bi (T) +b2 (S) + 

 b3 (T2)+b4 (s2)+b5 (TXS) , where Y=% survival or growth, b =a constant, T= 

 linear effect of temperature, S=linear effect of salinity, T2=quadratic 

 effect of temperature, S 2 =quadratic effect of salinity, and TXS=interaction 

 effect between temperature and salinity. Survival from fertilization to 

 the veliger stage was affected most by T2 , s2, and TXS. Maximum survival 

 (100%) was estimated at temperatures and salinities above 7.2°C and 28°/°°. 

 Survival of larvae after 10 days was affected most by T, S, and TXS. 

 Maximum survival (80%) was estimated to occur between 19° and 29.5°C and 

 salinities between 21 and 29°/°°. These larvae had narrower temperature 



324 



