granulocytes made up 61% of the total. They had 4 distinct granule types. 

 The remaining 37% were large granulocytes. They contained the same 4 granule 

 types, but only in one-third the abundance. Nuclei of all 3 types appeared 

 morphologically similar. The 4 granule types were a blunt, a dot-like, a 

 refractile, and a filamentous granule. Blunt granules were identified as 

 mitochondria, dot-like granules as lysosomes. Refractile granules were 

 membrane-bound, lipid-filled structures which act as lipid storage centers. 

 The function of the filamentous granules was not clear, because they were not 

 seen to react with any cytochemical technique. Nuclear similarity suggested 

 that all 3 cell types might represent different stages of maturity, rather 

 than 3 distinct cell lines. - modified authors' summary - J.L.M. 



1334 



Moore, Carol A., Nancy D., Drake and Albert F. Eble. 1972. 



Cytology and cytochemistry of blood cells of Mercenaria mercenaria (Bivalva) . 

 Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci. 17(2): 44 (abstract). 



Blood taken by cardiac puncture had 3 types of blood cell: 1) a large 

 granulocyte with eosinophilic coarse granules; 2) a large granulocyte with 

 fine granules; and 3) a small round amebocyte with fine granules. 

 Flagellated cells appeared less commonly. It had not been determined whether 

 these were blood cells or an invading protozoan. Long, branching pseudopodia 

 emanated from large granulocytes , but no pseudopodia were seen in spherical 

 amebocytes. Distribution of acid phosphatase and esterases in blood cells 

 have been studied, but are not described. - J.L.M. 



1335 



Moore, Charles J. (edj date? 



A recreational guide to oystering, clamming, shrimping and crabbing in 

 South Carolina. Recr. Fisheries, Off. Conservation, Management and 

 Marketing, S. C. Wildl . Mar. Resources Dept., Charleston, S.C., 58 p. 



Over 95% of commercial clam production is shipped out of state in the shell. 

 Local clams are predominantly hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and several 

 small populations of southern clam, Mercenaria campechiensis . Distribution 

 is contagious, that is if one clam is found the chances of finding others 

 in the same neighborhood are good. Highest densities occur in a mixture of 

 shell and sand substrate, lowest densities in mud. Optimum salinity ranges 

 from 18 to 26°/ 00 , although populations will be found at higher and lower 

 salinities. Growth occurs throughout the year in S.C. Spawning begins in 

 spring and continues through midsummer. Larval stage lasts from 1 to 2 

 weeks. Depending upon water temp it takes 2 to 4 weeks from spawning until 

 the juvenile buries in the substrate. Clams are heavily preyed upon by 

 several species of crab if not protected by overlying shell or gravel. 

 Siphons serve 3 purposes: breathing, obtaining food, and eliminating wastes. 

 Water is pumped through the siphon, passes over the gills and is strained to 

 remove food. After receiving COo from gills and other waste products from 

 the digestive tract, water is expelled through the outgoing siphon. Cilia 

 inside the tube and in gill chamber beat constantly to maintain circulation. 

 Clams usually are sold under 3 market categories. Largest and cheapest are 

 "chowder" clams, which are made into chowder or minced, diced or ground for 

 other food uses. "Cherrystones" are medium sized and medium priced, and to 

 some extent sold in the half shell. "Littlenecks" are smallest and most 

 expensive. Clam season begins Sept 1 and ends May 30. No license is 

 required for recreational harvesting for personal use. The head of any house- 

 hold is allowed a half -bushel per day for not more than 2 days/week. Clams 

 may be harvested from public oyster grounds and state shellfish grounds. 

 Taking clams from leased grounds must have permission from the leaseholder. 

 Clam rakes with long tines are probably the best collecting apparatus. Low 

 tide is the ideal time. SCUBA diving in deeper waters is a good way to pick 

 up smaller sizes. - J.L.M. 



375 



