1366 



Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board. 1974. 



Guidelines for the management of Long Island hard clam resources. Regional 

 Marine Resources Council, Hauppauge, New York, 13 p. + 3 app. 



Hard clams are, by value, the most important commercial fishery resource in 

 New York State, yet there is no adequate information base or mechanisms for 

 managing the resource. Landings of hard clam peaked in 1947 at nearly 

 11 million pounds of meats, declined to a low of 2.5 million pounds in 1954, 

 and was 7.3 million pounds in 1973. Great South Bay is the most important 

 producer of hard clam' in the world. The Regional Marine Resources Council 

 identified the problems of the resource and available knowledge, and has 

 developed guidelines and goals. Problems include inadequate knowledge of 

 life history, biology, and population dynamics, including effects of 

 harvesting, on hard clam. There is only fair knowledge of the quantitative 

 contributions of pollution from various sources which result in closings of 

 shellfish areas, and the effect of these pollutants on hard clam survival. 

 There is inadequate enforcement of existing laws, and a lack of cooperation 

 among groups within the hard clam industry. Scientific research guidelines 

 are presented which attempt to expand the knowledge base of the life history 

 and fishery of the hard clam. Administrative guidelines describe programs 

 that must be evaluated for their effects on the hard clam resource, such as 

 dredging, seeding, and sewage treatment. - D.L. 



1367 



National Academy of Sciences. 1957. 



The effects of atomic radiation on oceanography and fisheries. NAS-NRC Pub. 

 651, Washington, D.C.,ix+137 p. 



Many of the papers in this report are of general application to molluscan 

 shellfishes. Chapter 8, the only chapter which mentions Mercenaria (Venus) 

 mercenaria specifically (Boroughs et alj , is abstracted elsewhere in this 

 bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1368 



National Academy of Sciences. 1975. 



Petroleum in the marine environment. Workshop on inputs, fates, and the 

 effects of petroleum in the marine environment. Washington, D.C., xi+107 p. 



References to Mercenaria mercenaria are citations from papers by Farrington 

 and Quinn (1973) and Yevich and Barry (1970) , abstracted elsewhere in this 

 bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1369 



National Marine Fisheries Service. 1977. 



The molluscan shellfish industries and water quality: Problems and 

 opportunities. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. , Off. 

 Fish. Devel., Supt. Docs., Washington, D.C., v+46 p. 



The report was submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of Sect. 16(a) 

 of the Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of 1976, PL 94-370 (16 USC 

 1462) . It discusses 8 segments of the national molluscan shellfish industry, 

 including the hard clam industry. The background is contained in a publication 

 by Ritchie (1977) abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. Findings and 

 conclusions include: 1) the shellfish industry is composed of small entities 

 widely scattered along the coastline of the U.S; 2) competition for use of the 

 coastal zone is a major cause of problems; 3) 18.5% of the grounds are closed 

 by pollution and the annual rate of increase is about 0.6%; 4) the industry is 

 regulated by many authorities with overlapping jurisdiction — these functions 

 should be consolidated; 5) FDA requirements for approved growing areas are 

 regarded as sufficient for consumer protection, but the prescribed micro- 

 biological criteria may be too strict; 6) better information on contaminants 

 is needed; 7) the industry needs revision, and help in financing and 

 technological research; 8) sound management programs are needed; 9) research 



384 



