1390 



New York Conservation Department. 1928. 



Seventeenth Annual Report for the year 1927. Legislative Doc. (1928) 38, 

 J. B. Lyon Co., Albany, 371 p. 



Discussion of the shellf isheries reflects the overwhelming importance of the 

 oyster industry in the 192 0s. Hard clam is mentioned, but not in any detail, 

 but discussion of grounds open and closed to shellfishing is equally 

 applicable to hard clam. Jamaica Bay had been closed for about 15 years. 

 Raritan Bay had been condemned for about 4 years. Areas near New York City, 

 in Long Island Sound, and in bays and estuaries around the shores of Long 

 Island, open and closed, are described in detail. Residents were issued 

 903 permits to take shellfish for market from public shellfish grounds. 

 Private planters held 383 perpetual franchise leases and 85 fifteen-year 

 leases. - J.L.M. 



1391 



New York Ocean Science Laboratory. 1971. 



The problems of Long Island waters. Summary report. KYOSL, Montauk, N.Y., 

 Tech. Rept. 0010, 27 p. not numbered. 



This paper is the proceedings of a workshop held 9-11 Feb 1971. Mevcenaria 

 mevoenavia is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1392 



New York Ocean Science Laboratory Staff. 1970. 



The state of knowledge with regard to the effects of physical and chemical 

 environmental conditions on marine biota with emphasis on the Long Island 

 situation. NYOSL Tech. Rept. 0004, 67 p. 



The report contains 3 pages (not numbered) on Mereenaria (Venus) mereenaria. 

 Average spawning size is 1 1/2 inches long; average spawning age 3 yrs , 

 maximum age 25 yrs; it takes 3 yrs to reach 1 1/2 inches long; older clams 

 grow more slowly. Normal temp range is 18-30°C; growth rate increases with 

 temp and is negligible at low temps; 85% mortality occurs at temps above 

 30°C and below 15°C (abstracter's note: the statement about mortality below 

 15°C is incorrect) ; increasing temp to 20 to 22°C for 2 to 3 wks in the 

 laboratory will induce spawning; temp also affects size, shape and setting 

 of clam larvae. Egg and larval development of hard clams from Long Island 

 Sound occurs at salinity 27.5°/°°; development will not occur below 17.5°/°°; 

 decreased salinity increases oxygen consumption of muscles of adults. 

 Normally, 80 to 100% saturation with oxygen is needed for average growth; at 

 low concentrations the shell closes and the clam can live anaerobically for 

 several days. Adult hard clams feed on plankton and detritus; the more 

 diatoms in the environment, the greater the growth rate; hard clams have 

 been reared in the laboratory on several species of algae; hard clam also 

 filters bacteria, and E. coli content of cl'ams is a reflection of E. coli 

 content of overlying waters several hrs before; dissolved substances also 

 affect larval development. Less than 2 g silt/liter of seawater is needed 

 for normal feeding and growth. Optimum larval development is at pH 7.8 to 

 8.2 but development will occur at pH 6.75 to 8.5. Metabolic rate fluctuates 

 with changes in barometric pressure. Pesticides affect development of eggs 

 and larvae; adults accumulate DDT, DDE, and DDD. Currents are required for 

 feeding and respiration; the required substrate is sand or gravel; hard clams 

 usually are found on flat bottom. Parasites and diseases include Malaaob delta, 

 Vibrio, Pseudomonas , and trematodes. Papers cited are abstracted elsewhere 

 in this bibliography. (Abstracter's note: the section on hard clam obviously 

 was prepared in a hurry and was carelessly done. Much of the information 

 included is incomplete or vague, and much of it is inaccurate. Authors' 

 names are misspelled and some papers cited in the text are not listed under 

 literature cited.) - J.L.M. 



391 



