1436 



Parker, G. H. 1932. 



An unusual living inclusion in the shell of a clam. Ecology 13(1): 102-103. 



Meraenaria (Venus) meraenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



1437 



Parker, P. S. 1967. 



Clam survey Ocean City, Maryland to Cape Charles, Virginia. Comm. Fish. Rev. 

 29(5): 56-64. 



This was primarily a surf clam (Spisula solidissima) survey, but ocean quahogs 

 (Aratica islandica) were taken, especially at water depths between 20 and 25 

 fath. In sections where ocean quahogs were most abundant it was estimated 

 that commercial catches of about 15 bu/20 min tow would be possible. - J.L.M. 



1438 



Parker, Phillip S. 1967. 



A clam measuring board. Comm. Fish. Rev. 29(4): 65-66. 



A simple measuring board to make clam measurements rapidly and accurately 

 even under rough sea conditions is described, and materials listed. The 

 board was designed for Spisula solidissima, but it would be equally useful 

 for Meraenaria mevaenavia. - J.L.M. 



1439 



Parker, Phillip S.,and Lars A. Fahlen. 1968. 



Clam survey off Virginia (Cape Charles to False Cape). Comm. Fish. Rev. 30(1): 

 25-34, appendix. 



From 1961 to 1965 inclusive, total surf clam production was greater than total 

 landings of Meraenaria meraenaria and soft clam combined. - J.L.M. 



1440 



Parker, Phillip S., and Ernest D. McRae, Jr. 1970. 



The ocean quahog, Aratiaa islandioa, resource of the northwestern Atlantic. 

 Fish. Industr. Research 6(4): 185-195. 



Contains a paragraph and 2 illustrations describing the distinguishing 

 features of ocean quahog and Meraenaria meraenaria. Ocean quahog has one 

 posterior lateral tooth in each valve, lacking in hard clam. Hard clam has 

 a pallial sinus on inner surface of shell, ocean quahaug does not. Presence 

 of a pallial sinus shows that the clam has a retractile siphon. Hard clam 

 has a distinct purple border around edge of shell on inner surface, ocean 

 quahog does not. Periostracum of ocean quahog is black or dark brown. 

 Periostracum of hard clam is straw colored. (Abstracter's note: the purple 

 coloration on the inside of hard clam valves is highly variable, and 

 sometimes absent, not invariably present as the authors imply.) - J.L.M. 



1441 



Parker, Robert H. 1955. 



Changes in invertebrate fauna, apparently attributable to salinity changes 

 in the bays of central Texas. J. Paleon. 29(2): 193-211, 8 fig. 



Previous studies in the area were made during periods of very low or highly 

 variable salinity. From 1948 to 1953 an extended drought with low river 

 runoffs brought salinities to record highs, with little variation. Many 

 marine and open-gulf species invaded the bays, growth and appearance of 

 oyster reefs changed, and low-salinity mollusks like Rangia auneata 

 virtually disappeared. Meraenaria a amp e aniens is texana is listed as having 

 been found alive in bays and dead in the Gulf of Mexico. - J.L.M. 



403 



