1477 



Poole, J. C. 1975. 



Notes on investigations pertaining to molluscan shellfish. In Proceedings 

 of a Workshop on the Shellfish Management Program in New York State. N.Y.S. 

 Dept. Envir. Conserv. and N.Y. Sea Grant Inst., Albany: 28-31. 



The paper describes pond culture of oyster seed, studies of Cladophora to 

 investigate the possibility of controlling blooms, studies relating to control 

 of Codium, activities related to surf-clam management, and management of bay 

 scallop resources. Mereenaria mereenaria is not mentioned, but control of 

 algae might have benefits for the hard clam industry. - J.L.M. 



1478 



Porter, Hugh J. 1964. 



Incidence of Malacobdella in Mereenaria eampeehiensis off Beaufort Inlet, 

 North Carolina. Proc. Natl Shellf. Assn. 53: 133-145. 



The nemertean, Malacobdella grossa, has been found in the mantle cavity of 

 several bivalve species, including Mereenaria mereenaria, in Europe and North 

 America. The nemertean was found in 83.3% of M. eampechiensis from commercial 

 beds on the ocean side of the barrier islands on both sides of Beaufort Inlet. 

 Incidence was the same in both sexes. Incidence varied from 26 to 100% in 

 individual samples. Most clams had only one worm. The number of clams with 

 2 or more was greatest in summer, least in winter. Usually, when more than 

 one worm was present each was small or medium-sized. The highly variable 

 frequencies of occurrence are attributed to seasonal, annual and local 

 differences. Some workers had believed that when more than one Malacobdella 

 was present in a clam, the largest would kill the smaller, so that eventually 

 only one large animal would remain. Experiments did not confirm that such 

 attacks occur. Recruitment of a new year class of worms begins in Feb or Mar, 

 continues through summer and fall, but does not occur after Oct. Malaeobdella 

 an inquiline commensal, does not appear to harm the host. - J.L.M. 



1479 



Porter, H. J. 1967. 



Seasonal gonadal changes of adult clams, Mereenaria mereenaria (L.) , in 

 North Carolina. Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 55: 35-52. 



Major spawning was in June when water temp rose above 20°C, was followed by 

 light spawning, and a minor peak in Sept-Oct. Spawning was followed by 

 rebuilding of follicles. Most unspawned ovocytes were gradually lost in the 

 period Dec-early March. Major build-up of follicles occurred in March, and 

 by April-May many mature ovocytes and spermatozoa were present. - J.L.M. 



1480 



Porter, Hugh J. 1972. 



Recent advances in clam aquaculture. Bull. Am. Malacol. Un., Inc.: 16-17. 



Larval culture in North Carolina consisted of placing about 140,000 larvae 

 in plastic dishpans in a dark, temperature-controlled room without changing 

 the water or adding antibiotics. Food was mass cultures of Nannoehloris . 

 About 50% of larvae survived to setting. In Virginia, larvae were raised 

 in a greenhouse in pails at initial concentrations of 1 million larvae/50 

 1 which is reduced to 200,000/50 1 by setting time. Clarified water rich 

 in natural phytoplankton was used for food. Experiments are being per- 

 formed to determine the value of various species of alga as food for 

 juvenile clams. Use of heat from generators to stimulate growth of 

 phytoplankton and clams, was precluded by use of toxins to clean discharge 

 pipes. Juvenile clams have been reared in outdoor troughs with running 

 seawater. A sand substrate in the troughs increased growth fourfold. 

 Clams grew to a size of 1.7-3.0 mm in 2 months and 10 mm in 4 months. An 

 area protected from wind with a slow current was covered with an aggregate 

 of oyster shells or stone several inches deep to protect seed clams (1.7- 

 3.0 mm) from predators. Clams planted at densities of 25/ft2 had survival 

 ranging from 35-95%, but in areas without aggregate survival was less than 

 16%. Hydraulic dredging harvested clams and replaced the aggregate. - D.L. 



413 



