1520 



Purchon, R. D. 1977. 



The Biology of the Mollusca. Pergamon Press, Oxford, xxv+560 p. 



Meraenaria (Venus) meraenaria is referred to in relation to predation by 

 Poliniaes duplicata, Melongena coronata, Murex fulvesaens, and Busyeon; byssal 

 attachment; lipase in extracts of digestive diverticula and crystalline style; 

 passage through a juvenile male phase in the first yr, then about a 50:50 sex 

 ratio; spawning temp about 24° to 25°C; and commercial importance of an 

 introduced stock in southern England. The chapters are organized by form and 

 function in Mollusca, and the book contains no comprehensive accounting of 

 biology of hard clam. References to the species are by citation of papers 

 abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1521 



Rainer, S. F., A. M. Ivanovici, and V. A. Wadley. 1979. 



Effect of reduced salinity on adenylate energy charge in three estuarine 

 molluscs. Mar. Biol. 54: 91-99. 



Mereenaria mereenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



1522 



Rains, Harry H. 1965. 



A report on shellfish farming in Lo.ng Island waters - Critical needs. L.I. 

 Shellf. Farmers Assn. Inc., 11 p. , 1 fig., app . A 5 p. 



It take 5 to 8 years to grow a marketable crop of oysters and clams. New York 

 is presently the leader in hard clam production. In the last 50 years oyster 

 production in N.Y. has dropped 99%, hence the urgency of the problem. Four 

 elements are necessary for successful shellfish farming: adequate seed supply, 

 clean waters, ownership or control of underwater and shore-front property, and 

 predator control. Techniques have been developed to produce seed clams 

 artificially. Four small hatcheries operate on Long Island. These instal- 

 lations need grants for research and development and funds are needed to build 

 large hatcheries to supply enough seed for all shellfish farmers in the State. 

 The importance of clean waters is emphasized by the hepatitis epidemic in the 

 Raritan Bay area about 4 years ago. Collapse of the shellfish industry in 

 Great South 3ay in the 19 4 0s was attributed to enrichment by duck farm wastes 

 which caused blooms of an alga (Nannochloris ) inimical to shellfish. Flow of 

 these wastes from Moriches to Great South Bay was corrected by dredging 

 Moriches Inlet, which allowed Moriches Bay to flush directly into the ocean. 

 Long Island has over 900,000 acres of bottom suitable for shellfish farming. 

 Only 40,000 acres is presently leasable and only a small part of that is being 

 farmed. One good acre of bottom can hold 500 bushels of marketable shellfish. 

 The towns of Islip, Huntington, and Brookhaven have started a balanced farming 

 program. Successful shellfish farming requires assurance that suitable areas 

 are available in the long term. Major shellfish predators are sea stars 

 (starfish), drills, and flat worms. Barnacles are also harmful because they 

 smother seed oysters. The industry needs scientific advice and research on 

 pest control. Transplants of shellfish from polluted to clean waters by the 

 Town of Huntington is a promising development. Recommended are: 1) a 

 permanent Natural Resources Commission be established; 2) research, training, 

 demonstration projects by industry, government and universities; 3) a clean 

 water program; 4) provide and preserve underwater and shore-front property for 

 shellfish farming; 5) dredge Moriches Inlet; 6) a N.Y. -Conn, study of ways and 

 means to restore conditions for natural seed oyster production; 7) adequate 

 marine police protection; and 8) preservation of wetlands. (Abstracter's note: 

 Most of this document was prepared in the interest of private oyster planters, 

 but the general principles and problems discussed apply to hard clam alsoO 

 - J.L.M. 



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