1532 



Renkavinsky, J. L. 1975. 



The noncommercial value of shellfish. In Proceedings of a Workshop on the 

 Shellfish Management Program in New York State. N.Y.S. Dept. Envir. Conserv. 

 and N.Y. Sea Grant Inst., Albany: 37-38. 



N.Y. waters contain 37 gastropod and 31 bivalve species, of which only 8 are 

 eaten regularly. As a group, shellfishes provide food for lobsters, crabs, 

 and several species of fish, as well as waterfowl. Waterfowl predators can 

 be classified as divers or dabblers. Both groups feed on clams, although 

 mussels, soft clam, and oyster drills are more frequently found than hard clam 

 in waterfowl stomachs.. - J.L.M. 



1533 



Reynolds, N.,and P. C. Wood. 1956. 



Improved techniques for the bacteriological examination of molluscan shell- 

 fish. J. Appl. Bact. 19(1): 20-25. 



!Jo mention of Mercenaria mercenaria. - J.L.M. 



1534 



Rhoads, Donald C. 1967. 



Biogenic reworking of intertidal and subtidal sediments in Barnstable 

 Harbor and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. J. Geol. 75(4): 461-476. 



Mercenaria mercenaria is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1535 



Rhoads, Donald C. 1973. 



The influence of deposit-feeding benthos on water turbidity and nutrient 

 recycling. Am. J. Sci. 273: 1-22. 



References to Mercenaria mercenaria are citations of other papers, abstracted 

 elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1536 



Rhoads, Donald C. 1974. 



Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 

 Ann. Rev. Harold Barnes (edj. George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London: 285-300. 



Mercenaria meraenaria has been grown successfully on racks a few cm above 

 unstable bottom in the turbidity zone. Growth rates were higher than in 

 natural bottom nearer shore. The muddy sea floor is a nutrient reservoir. 

 References to hard clam in this paper are from papers abstracted elsewhere 

 in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1537 



Rhoads, D. C. 1971. 



Near-bottom turbidity related to biogenic reworking of bottom muds. 

 D. S. Gorsline (edj Abstract volume, Second National Coastal and Shallow 

 Water Conf. Sponsored by Geography Programs. Office of Naval Research. 

 University Press, Univ. Southern Calif.: 189. 



Tidal current scour resuspends the reworked surface several meters into the 

 water column, generating a near-bottom turbidity layer. The presence of 

 this turbidity zone has potential importance for the nutrition of grazing 

 zooplankton. The suspended fecal pellets of benthic invertebrates may pro- 

 vide an organic-rich food source for planktonic copepods, and may also be 

 utilized by commercially important suspension-feeding bivalves like 

 Mercenaria mercenaria. Transplantation of these bivalves into this turbid 

 zone on bottom rafts has given favorable growth. - J.L.M. 



428 



