1558 



Robinson, W. t and R. Langton . 1979. 



Digestion in a subtidal population of Mercenaria mercenaria (Linn.) 

 (Bivalvia) . Mar. Biol. 



Publication not seen. - J.L.M. 



1559 



Rodrick, Gary E ., and Thomas C. Cheng. 1974. 



Biochemistry of molluscan phagocytosis. Am. Zool. 14(4): 1263 (abstract). 



Phagocytosis is considered to be one of the 3 major types of internal defense 

 mechanism in mollusks. Phagocytosis is not accompanied by an increase in 

 respiration in Mercenaria and Crassostrea, as it is in mammals. (Abstracter's 

 note: or the increase is lower in pelecypods; the text is not clear on this 

 point) In hard clam and oyster the glycolytic pathway provides energy 

 necessary for particle engulfment, as it does in mammals. Nitro-blue 

 tetrazolium reduction does not occur in the 2 pelecypod species, as it does 

 in mammalian phagocytes. Hard clam and oyster may utilize antimicrobial 

 systems other than the myeloperoxidase-H2C>2-halide system which occurs in 

 mammalian cells. - J.L.M. 



1560 



Roels, Oswald A. 1969. 



Marine proteins. Nutr. Rev. 27(2): 35-39. 



Various methods of capturing nutrients of the sea to make foods for man are 

 discussed, from use of guano as fertilizer to produce corn, which is in turn 

 fed to pigs, to manufacture of fish protein concentrate for direct consumption 

 by man. In the first method it takes about a million pounds of fish to 

 produce one pound of human protein, in the second, about 1,000 pounds of fish 

 are required. Other techniques attempt to use a shorter food chain. One 

 method is to use cold, nutrient-rich seawater from the depths as a basis for 

 culture of fishes and shellfishes. In Japan, yellowtail are produced at the 

 rate of 280 metric tons/hectare/year. Particular shellfish species are not 

 discussed in this paper, but it is known that Dr. Roels has gro''>n hard clams 

 in the Caribbean. - J.L.M. 



1561 



Roels, Oswald A. 1973. 



Final report on Sea Grant #1-35354 (Suppl. to GH-87) Artificial upwelling. 

 To Natl. Oceanic Atmcs. Admin., Office of Sea Grant Programs from Columbia 

 Univ., Palisades, N.Y., 12 p. 



After introducing a one-mile long, 3 ,! pipe, to a depth of 830 meters, ponds 

 were built for phytoplankton. When blooms of Cyclotella nana had been 

 obtained using the deep-water nutrients, 200,000 juvenile oysters and clams 

 (Mercenaria mercenaria) were introduced. After a heavy storm the nutrient 

 content of the water changed suddenly, indicating that the water was coming 

 from 200 meters. This forced addition of nutrients to the water. The rest 

 of the paper deals with rectification of the situation. - J.L.M. 



1562 



Roels, Oswald A., Kenneth C. Haines, and Judith B. Sunderlin. 1975. 



The potential yield of artificial upwelling mariculture. Biol. Lab., 

 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia Univ., Palisades, N.Y., 

 Rept. of Progress for work supported by Sea Grant Project No. 04-5-158-59, 

 18 p. 



Mereenaria mercenaria survived but grew very slowly. M. campechiensis and 

 the Fi cross grew from 1 mm spat to market size in 6.5 to 13 months, faster 

 than any other animal. - J.L.M. 



435 



