1579 



Ruckebusche, H, 



1949. 



Le clam. Note sur Venus mercenaria L. Son introduction et son elevage dans 

 le bassin de la Seudre. Rev. Trav. Off. Peches Marit. 15: 99-117. 



According to Heppell (1961) a successful naturalization of hard clam was 

 reported by Ruckebusche, from a planting made about 1910. Apparently the 

 clams multiplied prolif really. This led to establishment of a flourishing 

 clam industry centered around Mornac and Marennes . Tolerance of hard clam 

 to environmental stress was illustrated by finding live clams in bottoms of 

 claires which had been dried up for a month. It was not known why prolific 

 reproduction occurred in channels and streams of the Seudre, but in the 

 claires, which are served by saltwater streams flowing into the main 

 channels, reproduction did not occur or larvae did not survive. - J.L.M. 



1580 



Ruddy, Shaun J., Ronald F. Johnson, James W. Mosley, John B. Atwater, Michael 

 A. Rossetti,and James C. Hart. 1969. 



An epidemic of clam-associated hepatitis. J. Am. Med. Assn. 208(4): 649-655. 



According to these authors the first epidemic of infectious hepatitis 

 attributable to ingestion of raw shellfish was in Sweden in 1956. Little 

 apprehension was aroused in the United States that a similar epidemic might 

 occur. Two cases in 1961, one in the Gulf of Mexico and one in N.J., 

 alerted officials in this country. From late fall 1963 through spring 1964, 

 123 clam-associated cases attributed to consumption of raw Mercenaria 

 mercenaria occurred among 468 cases of infectious hepatitis recorded in 

 Connecticut in the same 32-week period. The evidence was convincing. Among 

 other things, the proportion of patients with a history of clam consumption 

 was very much higher than in the preceding 2-year period and "sixfold greater" 

 than for a comparable population without hepatitis. The frequency of clam- 

 associated cases waxed and waned independent of the pattern of non-associated 

 cases, and also independent of the known pattern of clam consumption. No 

 other hypothesis could account for these and other findings. It was concluded 

 that the clams responsible were shipped through commercial channels, not a 

 bootleg operation. The shellfish may well have come from open waters, because 

 contaminated clams were still being distributed when intensive policing was in 

 effect. It has been demonstrated that oysters in estuarine waters will retain 

 coxsackievirus B3 until spring, and will not begin to free themselves of virus 

 until water temperatures rise. If clams are similar in this respect, coliform 

 counts are an inadequate index of viral contamination. Waters from which the 

 clams responsible for the epidemic came could not be identified, but it was 

 concluded that the clams came from harvesters and dealers in Rhode Island. 

 - J.L.M. 



1581 



Ruegg, J. 



1961. 



The proteins associated with contraction in lamellibranch "catch" muscle. 

 Proc. Royal Soc. London B154 (955) : 209-223. 



Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria is not mentioned. Some of the 43 papers cited 

 are abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. Because the list does not 

 contain titles we made no attempt to locate and read any others. - M.W.S. and 

 J.L.M. 



1582 



Ruegg, J. 



1961. 



On the tropomyosin-paramyosin system in relation to the viscous tone of 

 lamellibranch "catch" muscle. Proc. Royal Soc. London B154: 224-249. 



Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria is not mentioned, 

 are abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. 



Some of the 65 papers cited 

 Because the list does not 



440 



