England hard clams reach only 1/4" in the same period of time. Growth 

 remains more rapid in Md. waters. Growth stops when water temp drops below 

 about 40°F, and begins again when temp rises above 50°F. Growth slows in 

 the spawning season. Some important predators are blue crab, mud crab, 

 cownose ray, moon snail, and conch. Clamming regulations are described, 

 market sizes and prices are discussed, and methods of clamming discussed 

 and illustrated. Life history and anatomy are described and illustrated. 

 Research requirements are outlined. This is an informational bulletin for 

 public education. - J.L.M. 



1680 



Simpson, Bob. 1964. 



Artificial cultivation of clams, oysters, proved practical in N. C. 

 laboratory. Natl. Fisherman 45(Aug. 1964): 13. 



In the University's fisheries laboratory mature clams (Mevcenavia mevcenavia) 

 are kept in tanks for about a month in controlled temperature water, near 

 the normal spawning temperature. At the end of this conditioning period the 

 temp is raised slightly for several hours and sperm is deposited in the tanks. 

 This causes the clam to spawn . Eggs are held at fixed temp for two days 

 until they become larvae. Algal cultivation is done in sterile water to 

 reduce disease, and fed to the larvae in concentrated doses. As they grow 

 they are transferred to larger trays, and at about 1/2 inch are placed in 

 screened trays in the Sound. At about 3/4 inch they are placed in gardens 

 to reach maturity. Survival after artificial rearing depends upon the care 

 exercised. Silting, disease, severe temperature changes, excessive salinity 

 change and predators will determine survival. - J.L.K. 



1681 



Simpson, John W.,and J. Awapara. 1968. 



The pathway of glucose degradation in some invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. 

 Physiol. 18 (3) : 537-548. 



Mevcenavia (Venus) mevcenavia is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1682 



Simpson, John W. , Kenneth Allen, and Jorge Awapara. 1959. 



Free amino acids in some aquatic invertebrates. Biol. Bull. 117(2): 371-381. 



Taurine was absent in every freshwater and terrestrial mollusk studied, but 

 was present in detectable and measurable amounts in every invertebrate living 

 in salt or brackish water, including Venus mevcenavia. It was not possible to 

 assign a definite role to taurine, but it was suggested that it plays a very 

 important role as an osmoregulator . - J.L.M. 



1683 



Sims, Harold W. , Jr. 1965. 



Large quahog clams from Boca Ciega Bay. Quart J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 27(4): 348. 



Live Mevcenavia campechiensis 168 mm long and weighing 6 1/2 lbs, and 3 others 

 149.5, 155.5, and 160 mm long were taken at a point where water depth is 2 to 3 

 ft at normal low tides. Three of the 4 were new size records. - J.L.M. 



1684 



Sims, Harold W. Jr., and Randall J. Stokes. 1967. 



A survey of the hard shell clam (Mevcenavia campechiensis) (Gmelin) population 

 in Tampa Bay, Florida. Fla. State Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab., Spec. Sci. Rept. 

 17, 8 p. 



Hard clam is widely distributed along the west coast of Florida and was very 

 abundant in the early 1900s, but has since declined. One hundred stations 

 were sampled one or more times along the entire shoreline by taking random 



466 



