

1688 



Sindermann, Carl J., and Aaron Rosenfield. 1967. 



Principal diseases of commercially important bivalve Mollusca and Crustacea. 

 U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 66: 335-385. 



Mass mortalities of clams comparable to those of oysters and mussels have not 

 been reported. Mass deaths may pass unnoticed in sediment-hidden clams, and 

 this may be why information is scarce. Diseases and parasites known in clams 

 are several protistan organisms, larval trematodes, larval cestodes, parasitic 

 copepods, and tumors. The only record of infestation of Meraenaria meraenaria 

 reported in this paper is of the parasitic copepod Mytioola porreata in a 

 single hard clam from the Gulf of Mexico, described by Humes (1954), abstracted 

 elsewhere in this bibliography. Commercial mollusks are known to suffer mass 

 mortalities of epic proportions. More attention should be paid to such events 

 and their causes, especially in bivalves other than oysters. - J.L.M. 



1689 



Sinitsin, D. F. 1911. 



The parthenogenetic generation of the trematodes and their descendents (sic) 

 in the Black Sea mollusks. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersburg, CI. Phys. 

 Math., 8 ser. 30 (5), 127 p. (Russian text.) 



According to Stunkard and Uzmann (1958) , abstracted elsewhere in this 

 bibliography, Sinitsin described the digenetic trematode Adolescaria perla, 

 mostly from near the gill plates of an unidentified species of Venus. - J.L.M. 



1690 



Smith, A. C, and M. C. Mix. 1978. 



The effects of sodium chloride concentration on electrophoretic patterns 

 of adductor muscle proteins from bivalve molluscs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 

 61B(1) : 169-171. 



Protein patterns obtained by electrophoresis showed that muscle extracted 

 and dialyzed in 0.030 g% NaCl solution produced superior patterns. 

 Mereenaria meraenaria was not used. - J.L.M. 



1691 



Smith, Carl C, and David Glick. 1939. 



Some observations on cholinesterase in invertebrates. Biol. Eull. 77(2): 

 321-322 (abstract) . 



Of 6 marine invertebrate species examined, Venus meraenaria gave the lowest 

 production of C0 2 : hard clam heart 5.5 mm 3 C0 2 per 50 mg tissue in 30 mm; 

 Modiolus demissus highest with 304. Concentration of cholinesterase 

 apparently follows roughly the amount of nervous tissue present. The 

 insensitivity of clam heart to eserinization can be explained on the basis 

 of the low eserase content found. - J.L.M. 



1692 



Smith, Carl C . , and Louis Levin. 1938. 



The use of the clam heart as a test object for acetylcholine. Biol. Bull. 

 75(2): 365 (abstract). 



Details of the method are not given. The smallest concentration of choline 

 to give a demonstrable inhibition of Venus meraenaria heart was 1:50,000. 

 Acetylcholine (ACh) in a concentration of 1:1,000,000,000 produced a 50% 

 reduction in amplitude of beat, from which the heart recovered quickly. 

 In solutions of choline and ACh, in which choline was present in subminimal 

 quantity, no effect on normal inhibition produced by ACh was observed. 

 Sensitization by eserine was not needed. In the apparatus used, the least 



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