1723 



Stephens, K., R. W. Sheldon, and T. R. Parsons. 1967. 



Seasonal variations in the availability of food for benthos in a coastal 

 environment. Ecology 48(5): 852-855. 



Mercenaria (Venus) mereenaria is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



1730 



Stevenson, Charles H. 1899. 



The preservation of fishery croducts for food. U.S. Fish Coram. , Bull. 1898: 

 335-563, illus. 



Burnham and Morrill established the first clam cannery in the United States 

 in 1878 at Pine Point, Maine. The pack was small for some years, as con- 

 siderable difficulty was experienced with discoloration, but production 

 slowly increased when this difficulty was overcome. Inclusion of minced 

 clam, broth, and clam chowder increased the value of canned clam products 

 until they are now (1938) fifth in order of importance of canned fishery 

 products. - from Jarvis (194 3) - J.L.M. 



1731 



Stevenson, William H. 1952. 



Fisheries statistical program. Univ. Del. Mar. Lab., Ann. Rept. 1: 21-32. 



The Marine Laboratory of the University of Delaware began an inventory of 

 marine natural resources of the State in Jan. 1952. Among other sources, 

 information was obtained from commercial and sport fishermen. Information 

 on commercial and recreational shellfishing was included. Keeping of catch 

 records was voluntary. Clamming in Indian River and Rehoboth Bays for sport 

 was recorded for 89 days between 14 June and 12 Sept 1952. Total number of 

 participants was 15,100, who spent 45,500 hrs clamming. Thirty percent were 

 Delaware residents. Total take was 300,800 clams or 6.6 clams/man-hour. 

 Species of clam is not given, but presumably most were Mercenaria mercenaria. 

 - J.L.M. 



1732 



Stewart, James E. 1974. 



Potential for culture of invertebrates in Canada. In Aquaculture in Canada. 

 The practice and the promise. H. R. MacCrimmon, J. E. Stewart and J. R. Brett. 

 Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 188: 35-52. 



Life history of M. mercenaria is known and can be manipulated. It is similar 

 to oyster life history except that after a certain size the clam burrows into 

 the substrate. This effectively limits culture to bottom rearing. A good 

 market exists, and grounds where substantial fisheries once existed are or 

 should be good for managed production. Constraints include a growth period 

 of 4 to 5 yrs to market size, relatively low market value (Abstracter's note: 

 this may no longer be a constraint if prices of littleneck clams are 

 comparable to those in the United States) , confinement to bottom rearing, and 

 disease. Virtual elimination of the Canadian Atlantic clam fishery in the 

 early 1960s has been attributed to disease, possibly the same disease that 

 eliminated the oyster fishery of the same area earlier. The prime requirement 

 would be to develop disease-resistant seed stock. Disease and nutrition often 

 do not receive the attention they deserve. It is recommended that prior to 

 actual investment in production facilities the following information should be 

 assembled and analysed searchingly: 1) general biology; 2) site surveys and 

 selection; 3) markets and their potential; 4) environmental considerations 

 5) diseases, infectious and parasitic; 6) predation; 7) nutritional 

 requirements and food sources; 8) genetics; 9) bioenergetics; 10) engineering; 

 11) processing and product development; 12) property and rights; and 13) 

 economics. Each is discussed briefly. - J.L.M. 



478 



