1835 



Tulley, T. E. 1952. 



A zoogeographic study based on the bivalves of the Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. 

 dissertation, Harvard Univ. 



Not available in Dissert. Abstr. Internatl. Not certain whether original 

 information on Mercenaria is included. - M.W.S. and J.L.M. 



1836 



Turekian, Karl K., and Richard L. Armstrong. 1960. 



Magnesium, strontium, and barium concentrations and calcite-aragonite 

 ratios of some recent molluscan shells. J. Mar. Research (Sears Found.) 

 18 (3) : 133-151. 



Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



1837 



Turekian, Karl K. , J. Kirk Cochran, D. P. Kharkar, Robert M. Cerrato, J. Rimas 

 Vaisnys, Howard L. Sanders, J. Frederick Grassle,and John A. Allen. 1975. 



Slow growth rate of a deep-sea clam determined by 2 8 Ra chronology. Proc. 

 Natl. Acad. Sci. 72(7): 2829-2832. 



Sediment-water interactions in shallow coastal regions produce Radium-228 

 which in turn comes from decay of Thorium-232. The radionuclide is deposited 

 in the shells of mollusks. Mercenaria mercenaria from Cape Cod area yielded 

 0.20 disintegrations per min, which is within a factor of 2 of the probable 

 dpm 22 °Ra/g of Ca ratio of the water in which it was taken. Material from 

 which the count was recorded came from the growing edge of the shell. - J.L.M. 



1838 



Turner, Harry J. 1953. 



Growth of molluscs in tanks. Sixth Rept. Investig. Shellf. Mass., Mass. Dept. 

 Nat. Res., Div. Mar. Fish: 35-38. 



Experiments were conducted in outdoor tanks to determine what bivalves would 

 survive and grow in impounded salt water, optimum salinity for growth, and 

 effects of feeding mass-produced phytoplankton. Conditions in the tanks were 

 suitable for growth of quahaugs but not other species tested. Growth was best 

 at 23 to 28°/oo salinity. Growth took place in absence of appreciable current, 

 provided that food supply was adequate. Weak convection currents from diurnal 

 heating and cooling apparently were sufficient to keep phytoplankton suspended. 

 Chlorella was the predominant form. Small amounts of potassium nitrate and 

 sodium phosphate were added. Growth was not exceptional, but compared with 

 average natural conditions. In large scale culture, calcium deficiency might 

 be a problem. - J.L.M. 



1839 



Turner, Harry J., Jr. 1953. 



A review of the biology of some commercial molluscs of the east coast of 

 North /America. Sixth Rept. Investig. Shellf. Mass., Mass. Dept. Natural 

 Resources, Div. Mar. Fish: 39-74. 



The most concise and useful account of the anatomy of the hard clam, Venus 

 mercenaria , was that of Belding (1931). The species occurs from Cape Cod 

 to Texas, with relict or new isolated populations at Salem, Mass., Casco 

 Bay, Maine, St. Andrews, N.B., and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Setting 

 is infrequent beyond the continuous range. Hard clams occur most 

 frequently in the lower estuary. It is seldom found in the upper estuary, 

 but there are exceptional ocean habitats. A large population has existed 

 for a long time along certain shoals in Nantucket Sound, which is 



510 



