Hard clam is presumed to be more resistant, but protection is needed for. small 

 hatchery-reared juveniles. Moreover, present methods of rearing larvae are not 

 completely predictable. Batches of larvae may be killed by changes in water 

 quality or by fungus. Financing artificial production will be costly, and the 

 practicability of the method needs further consideration. - J.L.M. 



1841 



Turner, Harry J. 1956. 



Eighth report on investigations of the shellf isheries of Massachusetts. 

 Introduction. Mass. Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Mar. Fish: 3-4. 



Studies of biology of quahaug larvae had 2 purposes: 1) to account for 

 erratic and unpredictable occurrences of setting; and 2) to assess 

 larvaculture as a means of providing a predictable and reliable source 

 of seed to populate barren areas. Logistic problems and their solutions 

 are mentioned. Production of seed was judged to have promise. - J.L.M. 



1842 



Turner, Harry J., Jr. 1957. 



The effect of power dredging of (sic) the quahog populations of Nantucket 

 Sound. In Rept. Investig. Shellf. Mass. for 1957, Commonw. Mass., Dept. 

 Nat. Resources, Div. Mar. Fish: 9-14. 



Several large sea scallop vessels were rerigged with jet dredges to harvest 

 an old population of large quahaugs in sheltered waters in winter. The 

 study was made to judge the validity of fears that this new fishery might be 

 destroying the brood stock that perpetuated inshore hard clam stocks. Limited 

 available temp records for Nantucket Sound showed that in August the waters 

 are well mixed, with uniform temp of about 69°F. This was just at the 

 critical level for spawning. It was concluded that spawning of quahaugs may 

 not occur. Observations showed that hard clams did not spawn in Nantucket 

 Sound in 1957, and even if they had, temps were too low for survival of many 

 larvae. Non-tidal drift in the Sound is such that larvae originating in the 

 region would be swept out to sea before metamorphosis. Only in 2 localized 

 spots were currents slow enough to make local setting possible. It was 

 concluded that complete removal of quahaug populations of Nantucket Sound 

 beyond the 3-mile limit probably would not affect repopulation of stocks in 

 shallow inshore waters, and that there was no biological reason to restrict 

 power dredging in deeper waters of Nantucket Sound. (Abstracter's note: the 

 xerox copy obtained through interlibrary loan shows no author's name. It is 

 assumed that Turner was author.) - J.L.M. 



1843 



Turner, Harry J., Jr. 1960. 



Clams. Oceanus 7(1): 2-4, 6-11. 



This interesting report is entirely about soft clam farming. - J.L.M. 



1844 



Turner, Harry J., and Carl J. George. 1955. 



Some aspects of the behavior of the quahaug, Venus meraenaria, during the 

 early stages. Eighth Rept. Investig. Shellf. Mass., Mass. Dept. Nat. Res., 

 Div. Mar. Fish: 5-14. 



Survival of large sets is an exceptional occurrence, not a regular event, in 

 any one locality. Laboratory studies of artificially spawned hard clams were 

 made from fertilization to early juvenile stages. Observed behavior of eggs, 

 larval stages, metamorphosis and setting, and juveniles, led to speculation 

 that spawning just after low tide might be more successful than spawning on an 

 ebbing tide; that water circulation might be important; that food supply when 

 feeding begins might be of critical importance; that behavior patterns which 

 tend to keep larvae within the estuary are obviously favorable; that the 



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