1856 



Tyler, Jim. 1970. 



Raising clams for money. N.C. Tar Heel Coast 6(12): 1. 



Describes in popular terms the operations of the Coastal Zone Resources 

 Corporation clam hatchery. The gist is that it is too soon to judge whether 

 the project can succeed. Cost of production cannot yet be assessed, but the 

 possibility is suggested that some day in the near future a clam farmer in 

 North Carolina could raise a $32,000 clam crop on one acre. This pilot 

 project has been supported by the Coastal Plains Regional Commission. - J.L.M. 



1857 



Uchida, R. N. 1972. 



Review of recent progress in coastal aquaculture in the USA. In Coastal 

 Aquaculture in the Indo-Pacific Region. T. V. R. Pillay (ed.) . Fishing 

 News (Books) Ltd., London: 84-104. 



Reference to hard clam is very brief and cites Iversen (1968) , abstracted 

 elsewhere in this bibliography. - J.L.M. 



1858 



Udell, H. 1951. 



Bacterial pollution of Raritan and Lower Bays and its relation to shellfish. 

 Fed. Security Agency, U.S. Pub. Health Serv. (typewritten rept.). 



According to Campbell (1964), abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography, this 

 unpublished report was concerned with effects of pollution on shellfishes. 

 - J.L.M. 



1859 



Udell, Harold F. 1956. 



Sanitary surveys of shellfish areas. Proc. Natl. Shellf. Assn. 46: 27-31. 



A general discussion of the relation of water pollution to propagation of 

 oysters and clams, and effects on the harvest and distribution of these 

 shellfishes. Species are not always named, but the principles and issues 

 discussed apply generally to hard clam. Continual deficiencies of dissolved 

 oxygen cause mortality of adults, and interfere with setting and growth of 

 juveniles. In domestic wastes about 50% of the organic material is in 

 suspension, and 65% of this amount will settle to the bottom, creating 

 adverse conditions for shellfishes. Industrial wastes contain not only 

 large amounts of organic materials, usually exceeding that in raw sewage, 

 but also substances toxic to shellfishes and their food organisms. 

 Presence of pathogenic bacteria is a threat to public health. Continued 

 sanitary surveys of shellfish growing areas are necessary. Inadequate data 

 may unduly penalize industry. Each area requires separate study because 

 local conditions differ. All surveys have 4 major considerations: 1) 

 reconnaissance of shore areas and tributaries; 2) bacteriological study of 

 the waters; 3) chemical study of the waters; and 4) hydrographic study of 

 the area. Depth of burrowing of clams depends on water temp. Stratification 

 of the water, especially in summer, creates sampling problems. In an 

 important hard clam producing area a detailed study, sampling twice a month 

 for 14 months, showed that the same concentration of coliform organisms 

 found in water directly over the shellfish grounds would be found in Venus 

 mercenaria meats themselves, except at water temps below 8°C. Contamination 

 of the clams was highly seasonal, and the survey demonstrated that closure 

 was necessary only for 2 or 3 months each year. Chemical and hydrographic 

 ■•studies are needed in addition to bacteriological sampling because they 

 provide information for evaluation of pollution conditions and for planning 

 pollution abatement. Chemical studies give an indication of biological 

 activity of pollutants. Information on circulation and flushing rates is 

 critical. Consumer confidence in the shellfish industry is at stake. - J.L.M. 



516 



