1902 



Vincent, D., and A. Jullien. 1938. 



La teneur en acetylcholine du coeur des mollusques. Compt.-Rend . Seances 

 Soc. Biol. 127(1): 334-336. 



Hearts of cephalopods , lamellibranchs (including Venus verrucosa) , and 

 opisthobranch gastropods have relatively low content of acetylcholine. 

 Pulmonate gastropods have considerably higher levels, and hearts of certain 

 prosobranch gastropods are even higher. The only levels higher than this 

 observed in invertebrates were about 3 times the level of Muvex trunculus 

 noted in ganglia of Octopus . - J.L.M. 



1903 



Vinogradov, A. P. 1953. 



The elementary chemical composition of marine organisms. Sears Found. Mar. 

 Research, Mem. 2, xiv+647 p. 



The following analyses have been made on Venus mercenaria: water 84.56% of 

 living matter, 74.4% of muscular tissue; ash 3.20% living matter, 1.46% 

 muscle; nitrogen 2.67% of living matter; Na 0.205% of muscle; K 0.311% of 

 muscle; Ca 0.038 of muscle; Mg 0.048% of muscle; P 0.153% of muscle; S 0.225% 

 of muscle; Fe 0.0% of muscle; CI 0.322% of muscle. Venus sp: CaO 0.7819% of 

 dry matter; MgO 0.3988% of dry matter. Venus mercenaria: P 0.1720% of living 

 matter, 0.7998% of dry matter; S 0.3560% of living matter, 1.6440 of dry 

 matter. Venus virginea: shells CaC03 99.49% of ash residue; Al203+Fe203 0.41% 

 of ash residue; CaSC>4 0.31% of ash residue. Venus mercenaria: Mn 0.0043% of 

 dry matter, 0.00026 in living matter, 0.00190% of dry matter, 0.00803% of ash. 

 Venus verrucosa: Mn 0.00038% of living matter, 0.00166 of dry matter, 0.00917% 

 of ash. Venus meraenaria: Fe 0.0711% of dry matter, 0.001% of living matter, 

 0.006% of dry matter, 0.028% of ash, 0.0% of living muscular tissue. Venus 

 verrucosa: Fe 0.009% of living matter, 0.045% of dry matter, 0.248% of ash. 

 Venus mercenaria: Cu 0.0016% of dry matter, 0.00083% of living matter, 

 0.00625% of dry matter, 0.02841% of ash. Venus verrucosa: Cu 0.000875% of 

 living matter, 0.00449% of dry matter, 0.024635% of ash. Venus kennicotti : 

 Cu 0.00% of living matter. Venus mercenaria: Cu in % of living matter 

 0.00104 in mantle, 0.00236 in liver. Venus verrucosa: Cu in % of living 

 matter 0.00023 in mantle, in muscle, in gills, 0.00075 in liver, 0.00035 

 in sex organs, 0.00463 in precordial glands. Venus mercenaria: Zn 0.00451% 

 in living matter, 0.033450% in dry matter, 0.14870% in ash. Venus verrucosa: 

 Zn 0.0033% and 0.00470% in living matter, 0.0127% and 0.02447% in dry matter, 

 0.13234% in ash. Venus kennicotti : Zn 0.00051% in living matter. Venus 

 mercenaria: Zn 0.1359% in fresh matter; I 0.137% in living matter, 0.620% in 

 dry matter. Venus verrucosa: I 0.4 mg/100 g ash residue of shells. 

 V. gallina: I 0.13 mg/100 g in ash residue of shells. Blood of lamellibranchs 

 contains Cu and haemocyanin. Calcite and aragonite are found in the shells. 

 - J.L.M. 



1904 



Virnstein, Robert William. 1976. 



The effects of predation by epibenthic crabs and fish on benthic infauna in 

 Chesapeake Bay. Ph.D. dissertation, Coll. William & Mary, 87 p. (Dissert. 

 Abstr. Internatl. says 96 p.) 



Predators studied were blue crab, spot, and hogchoker. Species in the infauna 

 are not identified in the abstract. Decreased predation caused large increases 

 in density and diversity of infauna within 2 months. Largest population 



529 



